The COVID-19 pandemic emergency for the doctrine of asymmetric warfare

https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS6.12159

Authors

  • Mhd Halkis Lecturer of Asymmetric Warfare Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University
  • David Yacobus Lecturer of Asymmetric Warfare Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University
  • Suhirwan Lecturer of Asymmetric Warfare Study Program, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University

Keywords:

asymmetric warfare, ethics, COVID-19, emergency, military doctrine

Abstract

Several countries that have involved the military in handling Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been relatively successful. The authors researched the doctrine of asymmetric warfare during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency. The Indonesian government assigns the Indonesian National Army (TNI) during an emergency. Help to support the smooth circulation of fulfilling the population's basic needs, cross-regional population transportation, crime is not widespread, offices continue to run with restrictions on the number of people working, and the economy recovers quickly. This research framework uses moral philosophy. Deontological views and utilitarianism become the main assessment instruments to build the doctrine of asymmetric warfare. This research uses a case study approach. The study results show that the Indonesian people see the emergency condition of the COVID-19 pandemic as an asymmetrical warfare. The government is aware of the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic occurring at various government levels in terms of spread, duration, and number. All resources are used to deal with COVID-19, including the military, because civil society does not have many facilities and capabilities of TNI personnel.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agus Wibowo. (2020). Presiden Tetapkan COVID-19 Sebagai Bencana Nasional - BNPB. (President Declares COVID-19 As National Disaster - BNPB) BNPB. https://bnpb.go.id/berita/presiden-tetapkan-covid19-sebagai-bencana-nasional

Alexander, L. and M. M. (2021). Deontological Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Ambedkar, B. R. (2020). Special Theme : COVID-19 and Responses. 01(02).

Azlan, A. A., Hamzah, M. R., Jen, T., Id, S., Hadi, S., Id, A., & Mohamadid, E. (2020). Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233668

Baier, A. (1986). Trust and Antitrust. The University of Chicago Press Journal, 96(2). https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/292745

Barry R. Posen. (2014). Restraint A New Foundation For U.S. Grand Strategy. In and S. M. W. Robert J. Art, Robert Jervis (Ed.), Cornell University Press.

Baur, D., & Wettstein, F. (2016). CSR’s New Challenge: Corporate Political Advocacy. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23081-8_10

Bogoch, I. I., Watts, A., Thomas-Bachli, A., Huber, C., Kraemer, M. U. G., & Khan, K. (2020). Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: Potential for international spread via commercial air travel. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa008

Carrick, D., Connelly, J., & Whetham, D. (2018). Making the military moral : contemporary challenges and responses in military ethics education. https://www.routledge.com/Making-the-Military-Moral-Contemporary-Challenges-and-Responses-in-Military/Carrick-Connelly-Whetham/p/book/9780367667580

Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Cuomo, A., Dulebohn, S. C., & Di Napoli, R. (2022). Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/

Cepaluni, G., Dorsch, M. T., & Branyiczki, R. (2021). Political regimes and deaths in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice. https://doi.org/10.1332/251569121X16268740317724

Chattopadhyay, S., & De Vries, R. (2013). Respect for cultural diversity in bioethics is an ethical imperative. Med Health Care Philos., 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-012-9433-5

Clark, D. P., & Pazdernik, N. J. (2016). Biological Warfare: Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism. Biotechnology, 687–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385015-7.00022-3

CNBC Indonesia. (2020). Kasus Harian Nyaris 40.000, RI di Puncak Klasemen Covid Dunia. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210708212329-4-259447/kasus-harian-nyaris-40000-ri-di-puncak-klasemen-covid-dunia/2

Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., & Indrawan, M. (2020). Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19 . The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect , the company ’ s public news and information . January.

Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M. S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L. A., Surtiari, G. A. K., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091

Driver, J. (2014). The History of Utilitarianism. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/

Eckert, A. E. (2020). The Changing Nature of Legitimate Authority in the Just War Tradition. Journal of Military Ethics, 19(2), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2020.1793479

Ellemers, N., van der Toorn, J., Paunov, Y., & van Leeuwen, T. (2019). The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published From 1940 Through 2017. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(4), 332–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318811759

Farisa, C. F. (2021). Jokowi: Melawan Covid-19 seperti Perang yang Berlarut-larut. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/10/05/09390121/jokowi-melawan-covid-19-seperti-perang-yang-berlarut-larut

Fenton, N. (2018). Fake Democracy: The Limits of Public Sphere Theory*. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418821, 25(1–2), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1418821

Ficarrotta, J. C. (1997). Are military professionals bound by a higher moral standard? Armed Forces and Society, 24(1), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9702400103

Fitri, A. (2020). Tantangan Pelibatan TNI dalam Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB). Info Singkat, XII(8). https://berkas.dpr.go.id/puslit/files/info_singkat/Info Singkat-XII-8-II-P3DI-April-2020-1947.pdf

Hafrida, H., Helmi, H., & Kusniati, R. (2021). Health Workers’ Legal Protection Policy to the Coronavirus Disease 19 (Covid-19) Containment Measures. Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 15(1), 51–74. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v15no1.2101

Hannah Ritchie, et al. (2020). Policy Responses to the Coronavirus Pandemic - Our World in Data. Published Online at OurWorldInData.Org. https://ourworldindata.org/policy-responses-covid

Hayat, M. A., Semara, O. Y., Handayani, W., Norhadi, R., Rahayu, F., Banjari, A., Miai, S., Indonesia, C., Arsyad, M., Banjari, A., Miai, S., & Indonesia, C. (2022). The Role of the Military in Handling Covid-19 in Banjarmasin. New Media and Mass Communication, 100, 26–29. https://doi.org/10.7176/nmmc/100-04

Heinze, E. A., & Steele, B. J. (2009). Introduction: Non-state Actors and the Just War Tradition. Ethics, Authority, and War, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101791_1

Hersh, M. A. (2021). Professional ethics and social responsibility: military work and peacebuilding. AI and Society, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01238-5

Hull, R. (2000). Deconstructing the Doctrine of Double Effect. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 2000 3:2, 3(2), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009997225961

Humas. (2020). Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia | HUT ke-76 TNI, Presiden: Keberhasilan Penanganan COVID-19 Tak Lepas dari Peran TNI. Setkab RI. https://setkab.go.id/hut-ke-76-tni-presiden-keberhasilan-penanganan-covid-19-tak-lepas-dari-peran-tni/

Ibn-Mohammed, T., Mustapha, K. B., Godsell, J., Adamu, Z., Babatunde, K. A., Akintade, D. D., Acquaye, A., Fujii, H., Ndiaye, M. M., Yamoah, F. A., & Koh, S. C. L. (2021). A critical review of the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and ecosystems and opportunities for circular economy strategies. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164(May 2020), 105169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105169

Indonesia, D. M. of the R. of. (2015). Indonesian defence White Paper 2015. Ministry of defence of the republic of Indonesia. copy rights @2008

Indonesian Rupiah 2022 Data. (2022). https://tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/currency

Irman, & Darmawan, E. (2021). Evaluation of political performance budgeting in regional development policies on refocusing covid 19 in tanjungpinang. Jurnal of Government (JOG), 6, 164–173.

James Connelly. (2018). On making the military moral. In J. C. and D. W. Don Carrick (Ed.), Making the Military Moral Contemporary Challenges and Responses in Military Ethics Education (pp. 12–13). Rouledge.

Ji, Y., Shao, J., Tao, B., Song, H., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2021). Are we ready to deal with a global COVID-19 pandemic? Rethinking countries’ capacity based on the Global Health Security Index. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 106, 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJID.2021.03.089

Kagan, S. (1989). The Limits of Morality. Clarendon Press.

Khidoyatova, M. R., Kayumov, U. K., Inoyatova, F. K., Fozilov, K. G., Khamidullaeva, G. A., & Eshpulatov, A. S. (2022). Clinical status of patients with coronary artery disease post COVID-19. International Journal of Health & Medical Sciences, 5(1), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v5n1.1858

Mandal, J., Ponnambath, D. K., & Parija, S. C. (2016). Utilitarian and deontological ethics in medicine. Tropical Parasitology, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.175024

Maxim, S. T. (2014). Ethics: Philosophy or Science? Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 149, 553–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.08.209

Melé, D., Debeljuh, P., & Arruda, M. C. (2006). Corporate ethical policies in large corporations in Argentina, Brazil and Spain. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-7100-y

Mengko, D. M., & Fitri, A. (2020). Peran Militer dalam Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 dan Dinamika Pengawasannya di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 17(2), 219–234.

Michael A. Gropper MD. (2020). Biological, Natural, and Human-Induced Disasters: The Role of the Anesthesiologist - ClinicalKey. Miller’s Anesthesia. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323596046000687

Nambisan, P. (2017). Relevance of Ethics in Biotechnology. An Introduction to Ethical, Safety and Intellectual Property Rights Issues in Biotechnology, 127–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809231-6.00005-3

Nurhadi Sucahyo. (2020). Peran Tentara di Baris Depan Penanganan Wabah Corona. Voaindonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/peran-tentara-di-baris-depan-penanganan-wabah-corona/5361429.html

O. C. Ferrel, J. F. andLinda F. (2011). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases, 8th Edition. South-Western Cengage Learning.

Octavian, A. (2021). National defense perspective of the COVID-19 pandemic. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 708(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/708/1/012103

Panglima, K. (2018). Keputusan Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Decision of the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces )Nomor Kep/555.a/VI/2018 tentang Doktrin Tentara Nasional Indonesia Tri Dharma Eka Karma. 1–18.

Pemerintah Provinsi Papua. (2020). Info@papua.Go.Id. https://www.papua.go.id/view-detail-berita-7380/dishub-tak-ada-penutupan-bandara-dan-pelabuhan-di-papua.html

Peraturan Panglima TNI. (2010). Doktrin Tentara Nasional Indonesia Tridarma Ekakarma (TRIDEK) (The Doctrine of the Indonesian National Army Tridarma Ekakarma) Validated (Nomor Perpang/45/VI/2010 Tanggal; Issue 2005). https://sejarah-tni.mil.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/PERPANG-TRIDEK.pdf

Permenhan RI. (2014). Doktrin Pertahanan Negara (Doctrine of State Defense) c, 1–43.

Perpres RI. (2008). Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2008 Tentang Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (Vol. 1, Issue 1). https://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/08pr007.pdf

Prashanth Parameswaran. (2021). To cite this article: A Octavian. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci, 708, 12103. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/708/1/012103

Ramadhan, A. (2020). Pemerintah Diminta Kurangi Peran Militer dalam Penanganan Pandemi Covid-19 (Government Asked to Reduce Military Role in Handling the Covid-1 Pandemic) Kompas. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/08/18/16164521/pemerintah-diminta-kurangi-peran-militer-dalam-penanganan-pandemi-covid-19

Redaksi. (2020). Langkah Dan Upaya Pemerintah Indonesia Dalam Menangani Dan Menghadapi Virus Novel Corona 2019 (N-Cov). (Steps and Efforts of the Indonesian Government in Handling and Dealing with the 2019 Novel Corona Virus (N-Cov))Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia Pretoria, Afrika Selatan.

RI, D. A. K. (2020). Laporan Tahunan Mengawal APBN Dalam Memulihkan Indonesia(Annual Report Overseeing the State Budget in Restoring Indonesia).

RI, K. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan(Defense White Paper).

Robert, R., Kentish-Barnes, N., Boyer, A., Laurent, A., Azoulay, E., & Reignier, J. (2020). Ethical dilemmas due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Ann. Intensive Care, 10, 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00702-7

Ronal. (2020). 25 BUMN Patungan Pengadaan Alat Medis Corona di Wisma Atlet (25 SOEs Joint Venture for Procurement of Corona Medical Devices at Wisma Atlet ) https://pasardana.id/news/2020/3/20/25-bumn-patungan-pengadaan-alat-medis-corona-di-wisma-atlet/

Sakti, N. W. (2021). Merekam Pandemi Covid-19 dan Memahami Kerja Keras Pengawal APBN (Recording the Covid-19 Pandemic and Understanding the Hard Work of State Budget Guards). Kemenkeu RI.

see;Mabes TNI, (2022). https://tni.mil.id/pages-7-delapan-wajib-tni.html

Sinha, D., & Sinha, S. (2020). Managing in a VUCA World: Possibilities and Pitfalls. Journal of Technology Management for Growing Economies, 11(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.15415/jtmge.2020.111003

Slavoj Žižek. (2020). COVID-19 Shakes the World. In OR Books. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190630577.013.30

Sloan, G. (2019). Military doctrine , command philosophy and the generation of fighting power : genesis and theory. International Affairs, 88(2), 243–263.

Subroto, S., Istri, A. A., Dwijayanti, P., & Yohanes, R. (2021). Indonesia Government’s Responses to COVID-19: A Critical Review to Pre-Crisis and Crisis Phase. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 5(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.30596/interaksi.v5i2.6665

Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2022). Post-pandemic health and its sustainability: Educational situation. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), i-v. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n1.5949

Tseng, P. E., & Wang, Y. H. (2021). Deontological or utilitarian? An eternal ethical dilemma in outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168565

Tuasikal, R. (2020). 226 Jemaat Gereja Bethel di Bandung Terindikasi COVID-19. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/jemaat-gereja-bethel-di-bandung-terindikasi-covid-19/5360038.html

U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). (2017). Joint Publication 1 (JP 1), Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United State, 25 March 2013 Incorporating Change 1(CH-1), 12 July 2017. Joint Publication 1, March, 172. http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1.pdf

Ubayanto, T., Sudarsono, S., Permadi, I., & Widagdo, S. (2020). Legal Implications of the Arrangement of Authority of the Indonesian National Army in Overcoming the Armed Separatist Movement, Armed Insurgency and Terrorism. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 9(5), 26–38.

Undang Undang Nomor 6 tahun 2018 tentang Kekarantinaan Wilayah (on Territorial Quarantine), National Standardization Agency of Indonesia 31 (2018). https://jdih.bsn.go.id/produk/detail/?id=730&jns=2

USA, T. D. of D. (2010). Irregular warfare: Countering irregular threats - Joint Operating Concept Version 2.0. Irregular Warfare: Strategy and Considerations, May, 1–78.

V, A. (2020). Revisiting the Discourse on Strategic Culture: An Assessment of the Conceptual Debates. Strategic Analysis, 44(3), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2020.1787684

Weiner, A. S. (2017). Just war theory & the conduct of asymmetric warfare. Daedalus, 146(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00422

WHO. (2022). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/

Wilder-Smith, A. (2021). COVID-19 in comparison with other emerging viral diseases: risk of geographic spread via travel. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00129-9

Wilfridus Setu Embu. (2020). Panglima TNI: 988 Prajurit Tenaga Medis Tersebar di 109 RS Tangani Wabah Corona (TNI Commander: 988 Medical Workers Spread in 109 Hospitals to Handle the Corona Outbreak)News Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/4228645/panglima-tni-988-prajurit-tenaga-medis-tersebar-di-109-rs-tangani-wabah-corona

Wilson, C. (2017). The Scientific Perspective on Moral Objectivity. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 20(4), 723–736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-017-9798-x

Windiyawati, R., & Tawas, A. A. (2021). Implementation of Jogo Tonggo Policy in Central Java as a Form of Military and Civil Society Synergy in the Covid- 19 Task Force. 4(5), 58–65.

Yeremia Sukoyo. (2020). Kasal Resmikan RS Darurat Covid-19 TNI AL di Cileungsi (Kasal Inaugurates the Indonesian Navy's Covid-19 Emergency Hospital in Cileungsi). https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/657985/kasal-resmikan-rs-darurat-covid19-tni-al-di-cileungsi

Published

25-08-2022

How to Cite

Halkis, M., Yacobus, D., & Suhirwan, S. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic emergency for the doctrine of asymmetric warfare. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S6), 7677–7695. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS6.12159

Issue

Section

Peer Review Articles