Pronouns Traces of Grammar Transformation Version of Government and Binding

A problem concerned to be examined in this study was how the description of personal pronoun was contained in the single sentence. Therefore, this study was conducted aiming at describing personal pronouns in a single sentence and identifying the role of semantic of the personal pronoun in the single sentence. The theory used to study the phenomenon was Trace theory version of Transformation Theory of Government and Binding. This study discovered findings as follows: 1) the base position of the personal pronoun was under the position of NP, VP node; however, with the transfer process, the personal pronoun was under the position of NP, Agr. It was because every visible NP should have a case from its verb; 2) the trace marked by t was the landing site or base position before the pronoun and other elements move; 3) this theory was sufficient to give an idea of the position of the element of aspect and modal as the category of MP in phrase structure.


Introduction
The study of Nusantara languages using structural theory has been widely applied but it can be stated that study using the framework of Government and Binding theory (GB) is rarely found. Some studies on the Indonesian language have been done such as: "Strukur Frase Bahasa Indonesia: Sebuah Kajian Berdasarkan Teori X-bar"; (2) "Strukur Frase: Kajian Berdasarkan Teori X-bar" ; (3) Government and Case (Paridi, 2001). Based on the results of these studies, there is no specific study of pronominal viewed from transformation theory. Thus, the study of Nusantara languages (BS) can be continued as a testing ground to test the universality of the claims of the theory.
The problems focused to be examined in this study are how the description of the personal pronoun is contained in a single sentence in BS?; how the semantic role of personal pronouns in a single sentence in BS is? from which the semantic role is found in the personal pronouns contained in a sentence in BS? what is the trace of personal pronouns when experiencing the transfer in BS?

Research Method
To gather sufficient data, this study uses two data collection methods namely (a) linguistic field method and (b) literature research method. The data gathered were then analyzed by using the distributional method. This method is done by connecting or integrating phenomena in a language without integrating it with the non-linguistic elements (Sudaryanto, 1986:4). Some techniques can be applied such as deletion, substitution, insertion, and permutation/transfer to ease the analysis method, To present the data analyzed, two techniques were then employed including formal and informal techniques (Iriani: 2018, Ruan: 2018, Anita: 2018).

Theory
The theoretical approach used to analyze the phenomenon of the personal pronoun in BS in this study is the theory of Government and Binding (Chomsky, 1981). This theory claims that all languages in the world have a universal nature (Universal Grammar) that is modular.
Through the modular theory, it is predicted that syntactic complexity can be expressed. Therefore, GB theory has several subsystems namely X-bar theory, Case theory, Bounding theory, Binding theory, Government theory, Control theory, and Theta theory. Thus, each language is expected to follow the general principle claimed by the theory.
To examine the phenomenon of personal pronouns in BS, this study uses Trace theory. Chomsky (1986) suggests that Trace Theory can be explained by case theory (Case Theory). This theory explains that: 1) NP (case filter: each NP should accept the case, 2) to accept case NP must be governed and must be C-commanded by element giving case; 2) nominative cases will be provided by AGR co-indent; and by the head verbs.
Based on the aforementioned explanation, the noun phrase, the personal pronoun must accept the case. And, this pronominal may experience displacement according to the direction of the case causing the displacement. In this case, the base position will be empty after moving to another position. This event will leave a trace in the position it left behind. Elements that have been moved are called antecedent. These reasons underlie Trace's theory.
The background that bases this trace is generally on the principle of projection; besides, it is also based on the theta role on any nouns present. The grammatical component in GB theory discussing the theta role is called the theta theory. (Chomsky 1981(Chomsky , 1986) explains that every theta role must have an argument and every argument must get a theta role. and the case (Case). Therefore, case filters are not independent There are two pronominal types: first, pronominal in the form of lexeme (unbound). This first type of pronominal consists of elements: aku 'saya' 'I/Me', ie 'dia' (he/she/her/him), ite 'kita' (we/us), kemi 'kami' (we/us), and side 'anda' (you); the second is a pronominal form similar to that of clitic. The existence of this pronominal type is always mutually excluded with the form of clitic. This form can Semantically stand alone and can replace the position of the subject NP, while the form clitic cannot stand alone and cannot replace the position of the subject NP in the sentence (Paridi, 1997: 67); (Setiawan, 2016).
This bound pronominal element can follow the subject's NP, and its form must agree with the NP that it attaches. This pronominal existence is almost similar with the Indonesian clitic form and the agreement marker in English which has a genetical case. To distinguish whether the above forms function as pronominal, or as a clause, its existence can be identified from the semantic elements of the subject NP that it follows. If the NP is followed by the NP expressing the meaning of ownership, the form including its climatic form and its existence cannot replace the subject's NP position. In contrast to the second type of pronominal which can replace the subject's NP position and semantically does not state the meaning of ownership. The existence of this form in terms of grammatical relations can stand alone in the sentence. Look at the bounded form in the NP below that state the meaning of possession: bangket-ne 'his or her rice field', bangket-ku 'my rice field', bangket-me?' your rice field' male), bangket-bi 'your rice field (female), bangket-te 'our rice field'

Discussion
There are two lexical markers used to mark the difference of events or circumstances: first, an aspect of the word gen 'will' used o mark events or circumstances that will occur, oah 'already' used to mark events or circumstances that have occurred, and kenyengke ' is/am/are/doing' used to mark events or circumstances that are happening; second, the element of modalities consisting of the word kanggo 'may',might', harus 'must', bau 'can / could, mele 'want'. The two elements mentioned in this paper are referred to as the Verbs of Work (KKB). In the representation of the tree diagram, the element is dominated under the node (node) of Modal (M).

Main Sentence
The main sentence in the BS can be formed by NP that serves as a subject and NP that serves as a predicate. It needs to keep in mind that in such sentences the subject NP and the free pronominal function as the subject and cannot be replaced by the non-free pronominal that can play as the subject. Similarly, it is also the same as if the predicate belongs to PP subject of the sentence, it cannot be filled by the pronominal that is not free. If the subject's NP is filled with a non-free pronominal, the sentence will be unacceptable in the BS. See the sentences below.  It is different if the main sentence is constructed from the subject of a sentence categorized as NP and predicated on the category of VP or AP, all types of categories are subject NP, ordinary pronominal and pronominal of the second type can fill the position of sentence subject. We can see the sentences below.
Ie (he or she) sakit (sick) Pron. Subject Ajek.predicate Dia sakit (she is sick) The main sentences (2a) and (2b) can also be extended by using other elements. We can see from how a nonfree pronominal can follow a regular NP as if it plays like a general clause (2c). However, essentially, the element is pronominal because its existence in the sentence can replace an ordinary NP that can stand alone as a subject, as shown in a sentence (3b). In contrast to example (3c) which is a clitic example which expresses the meaning of possession. See the examples below: a.
Ne (he or she) lalo (go) pron pergi Dia pergi (she or he is going) c.

Ine (mother) ne (his or her) lalo. (go) ibu
Cl. pergi Ibunya pergi (his or her mother is going) From the sentence (3) above, the pronominal presence which is not free in the BS is almost similar to the English genitive case, but its presence in the NP cannot be said to have a genitive case and cannot be called as clitic for the form can stand alone in the sentence. To be able to see the differences between the three types of forms, we can see the examples of the main sentence that are expanded with the following other elements. Ayah pron.nya akan pron menjual sawah pron. Ayahnya akan menjual sawahnya (his or her father will sell his rice field)

The element of aspect as auxiliary verb
In the BS, the auxiliary Verb (KKB) can consist of the word aspect and Modality, yet the focus of this study is on aspect example. It is because the element is in the same position that is under the vertex M in the representation of the tree diagram. For being deeply understanding, the definition and example of the word aspect are represented. The word aspect is a closed class of lexical. The element of this aspect consists of lexical such as oah 'already', kenyengke 'is/am/are doing' and gen 'will'. The element of this aspect can be presented in various constructions, except in Imperative construction. To prove the existence of these aspects, let see the distribution of the use of aspects in the sentences below.  Concerning on description of the presence of the aspect in the above example, it can be identified that the element of aspect can almost appear in various constructions, except in imperative construction. From the above sentence (5), it shows that the element of aspect may be in a position before the verb. If pronominal is present, the aspect may be in the pronominal position since the pronominal is inflected in the aspect. If its position is changed to the post pronominal position, the sentence becomes grammatical as seen in example (5d). The position of the aspect also cannot be placed after the verb; otherwise, the sentence becomes grammatical, as in example (5e). The element of aspect may also fill the starting position of the sentence if the subject NP does not exist as in example (5f). Let see the Wh-question construction that presents the aspects below. (6) a. In the Wh-question, the position of the aspect can fill the position after Aux si (that is) and before the verb. If the position is changed to the position before Aux si and after the verb, the sentence becomes ungrammatical as the example (6b) (6c). Likewise, if the Pron. Element exists in the sentence, it becomes grammatical as it does in construction (6d). see the construction of the negation below.  In the negation construction in Example 7 it shows that the position of the element of aspect is after the subject NP as Example 7a and if it is a negation element exists, the position of the aspect is in position after the negation and before the verb. If the position is changed for example to the position before the negation element, the sentence becomes ungrammatical as in example (7b), and if the pronominal element exists, the sentence constructed will not be grammatical (7c). we can see the constructions of the imperative sentence below.

Paridi, K., & Sudika, I. N. (2018). Pronouns traces of grammar transformation version of government and binding.
International The command sentence is a sentence that expects someone to do something. The command in BS uses suprasegmental features of rising intonation. In this construction, the aspect is not justified to be presented at all, if it exists, the sentence becomes unacceptable as an example (8b). This is common in any language, it does not justify the presence of the subject NP or elements that have the same role as the subject. The following is the quantification construction. (9) a. Lue? (many) dengan (people) gen (will) begawean (work) Quant.banyak orang Asp.akan bekerja Banyak orang akan bekerja (many people will work) b.
orang Asp. pron begawean Sedikit orang akan bekerja. (few people will work) The quantification element of BS uses the word sekeji 'few', lue? 'Many' and others. In the quantification construction (9) it appears that the position of the element of aspect is after the subject NP and before the verb. If the position is changed to the position before the subject's NP, then the sentence becomes unacceptable such as in sentence (9c), and if pronominal exists, the sentence also becomes ungrammatical as in example (9d). Let us check relative construction below. (10) a. The element of aspect in the BS's relative sentence seems to have to be after the relative si. If the position is moved to another position e.g. before the relative affix si, the sentence becomes ungrammatical. This can be seen in the sentence (10a) that is grammatical. The grammatical condition of the sentence is because the position of the element of aspect is after the relative element. Whereas, the sentence (10b) is not grammatical In the control construct, the element of aspect always fills the initial position of the sentence that is before the subject NP (11a). If the position is changed to another position, then the sentence becomes ungrammatical, for example (11b) which shows the position of the aspect that resides after the pronominal position. It is similar within the construction of raising.
In the rising construction (12) below there is an advanced element. We can identify the following example. It shows that at D-Structure, the position of aspect is before pronominal and before the verb, but when it is raised at the S-structure, pronominal does not appear as seen in example (12a) that is acceptable, so that the position of the aspect is immediately before the verb. If its position is changed to another position, the sentence becomes grammatically like the example (12d) which shows the position of the aspect before the word 'ruene' (seems). In addition, it can be seen that when it comes to raising, pronominal cannot exist. If the pronominal exists, the sentence becomes unacceptable (12c). In focus construction (13) it shows that the element of aspect is in the subject position of the subject NP and the element of focus si. This can be seen in example (13a) that is acceptable in BS. If the position is changed to another position e.g. to before the element of focus, the sentence becomes ungrammatical. When the pronominal element exists, the sentence also does not become grammatical as in example (13c) above. Because the element of aspect is analyzed as Modal element, the existence of that element will be dominated by modal node which abbreviated M. Furthermore, that element will construct the projection of modal phrase which is abbreviated as MP. If it is represented in a tree diagram, the position of the element is before the element of Agr. As follows: Ineq (Mother) gen (will) -ne (he or she) lalo (go)