Syntactic Frames and Deep Structure Specification of Semantic Prime ‘Do’ in Balinese

....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 194


Introduction
Balinese language is one of the national languages in the country that has a function as a symbol of pride and identity of the people of Bali. Until now it is still maintained by its speakers, as it describes the relation of local wisdom values. Many social activities in the community have been made in Balinese language as media of communication. In addition, folklore has been written in Balinese language (Netra, 2010;2011;2012;2013;2009).
The language used in folklore is considered to contain such rules of grammar as Syntax and Semantics. Syntactically language is built based on the structure of sentences and their syntactic frames. While from the semantic point of view, the constructed sentence should be meaningful. Therefore, the sentence has a surface structure and deep structure. The meaning of structures can be seen from the deep structure, specifically from the semantic roles of the entity that builds the sentence. Entities in the sentence can usually be filled with Noun Phrase. Thus the syntax and Semantics are associated with each other.
The relation between form and function is an example of communicative patterning in a different dimension in order to know how the structure of the sentence is related to the meaning of the sentence. Semantic structure is a very significant component of language. Lack of understanding of the structure of natural language semantics leads to failure in describing the language itself. Therefore, the semantic structure is the formation of semantic lexicon features that will present arguments in the semantic structure. The semantic structure is relational semantic network in the lexical system of a language. Semantic structures of semantic components determine the outer structure of the language. Without knowledge of the semantic structure, an explanation of the process of the formation of a good speech cannot be definitely made. , said that the main assumption underlying the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) is that a form of a language or sign cannot be analyzed into a form that is not the form itself. In other words, it can be said that the analysis of meaning would not be possible with a combination of the meaning of other forms. Therefore, the meaning of a lexicon is the configuration of a set of meaning. One offered natural semantic prime DO. Semantic prime DO in Balinese language can be realized in a variety of forms of verbs. These verbs are able to bind the entity that precede and follow it. These verbs have the syntactic frames of that have semantic roles or deep structure specification. , initiated a study produced several prototypes of semantic primes which are represented by several derivatives words. According to her, the NSM theory is used to analyze the semantic primes and their semantic structures. This theory is also developed for analyzing the philosophical meaning that combines both the tradition and logic. The semantic prime of which belong to the prototype of action is DO. The semantic prime DO can be represented by some action verbs, process verbs, and state verbs. If types of verbs are used to build a sentence, it would require several units that can be placed before the verb and after the verb. These units can form a word or phrase. Semantically, words or phrases that are placed before and after the verb are the so-called arguments or entities.

Semantic Prime DO in Balinese
Semantic roles of arguments of the control verb can be analyzed. It is important to know participants involved in that language. Thus, the relationship between predicator and arguments can be understood in a particular proposition. This is done for the purpose of explication of semantic primes. The meaning of lexicon in the configuration of semantic prime and it is not determined by the meaning of another lexicon. The semantic prime is not a new concept in the semantic of which existence has been recognized in the 17 th century by the experts (Goddard, 1994;Wierzbicka, 1996d).
The semantic prime is one of the important theoretical concepts in the NSM theory. It is a limited set of meanings that does not change. In this sense, there are also semantic features that will not change (Goddard,

IJSSH
Vol. 1 No. 3, December 2017, pages: 194~204 1996a). The semantic prime is a reflection of the formation of the human mind that is inherited by humans since birth. To represent it, the semantic prime can be explicated by paraphrasing using natural languages and the words intuitively related to or have the same semantic field, and do not use language that is technical (Wierzbicka, 1996d). Thus, the existence of the semantic prime of the concept is theoretically believed to have an impact. It can be used to explain the overall of complex meaning in much simpler ways. Regularity in the semantic prime is the cause. It means that, if the entire lexicon is comprehensively analyzed, the regular feature can be found. The more semantic prime and regularity can be described, the more the changes and developments of meaning can be determined.
The need for a universally based metalanguage in human science has been well illustrated by the recent interdisciplinary debates on the nature of human emotions . Goddard stated in his semantic principle that the semantic primitives and their elementary syntax exist as a minimal subset of ordinary natural language. The distinctive idea behind the NSM theory is that the irreducible semantic core of any language exists as a subset of the language.
Prototype of action of semantic prime DO can be represented by some of the words in Balinese. Those words are mapped by types of the verb, such as action verbs and process verbs, and state verb, as follows:

Materials and Methods
The data were collected from collection of Balinese folklores in Satua Satua Bali X. There are four stories in the story book part X. They are Satua Pan Balang Tamak, Satua Nang Bangsing Teken I Belog, Satua Taluh Mas, and Satua I Bawang Teken I Kesua... Data were collected and classified in accordance with the syntactic frames of semntic prime DO in Balinese. There are four syntactic frames where data could be collected. All the Netra, I. M. (2017). Syntactic frames and deep structure specification of semantic prime 'do' in Balinese.
International 197 data were classified into 1) X does (something); 2) X does (something) to/for/with someone/something; 3) X does (something) in something; 4) X does (something) to/for/with someone/something in something. The method used to collect the data was observation method with note taking technique. Furthermore, some steps were taken to obtain valid data, as follows: 1) Identifying and mapping the syntactic frames of semantic primes DO 2) Reading the four stories in Balinese folklores 3) Underlining every single clause or sentence containing such syntactic frames 4) Taking note all clauses or sentences containing such syntactic frames 5) Classifying them into syntactic frames 6) Coding every data 7) Doing the gloss or free translation of the clause or sentence After the data were obtained and classified, the next step is to analyze systematically based on the sequence of problems formulated. The method used to analyze the data was descriptive qualitative method using relevant theories (Sudaryanto, 1993). The analysis of data can be described as follows. 1) Describing the syntactic frames of semantic prime Do in Balinese 2) Analyzing the deep structure specification that is relevant to case role study

Syntactic Frames for Semantic Prime DO in Balinese
A semantic prime can be expressed by various forms in different context, a phenomenon known within NSM theory as allolexy. For example: English words person and thing can be regarded as allolexes of SOMEONE and SOMETHING when these primes are combined with determiners and quantifiers. The main research tool in the current search to discover a universal semantic syntax is the notion of the canonical context. In this case, a sentence constituent is composed predominantly of semantic primitives that are hypothesized to be expressible in any language. Wierzbicka (1996b), says that despite the grammatical patterns of language are specifics, it can always be found universal patterns. These universally grammatical patterns are expressed as sets of basic sentence in various languages. These basic sentence elements are built by the universal lexicon. Relation to universal lexicon elements based on grammar of a language is called natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) syntax. Furthermore, the expert has formulated the principles of the NSM syntax, as follows: 1. Any predictable patterns exist in the languages of the world; 2. The patterns are innate grammar of human cognition; and 3. The universal semantic are used. Therefore with this NSM syntax, semantic structure of an utterance can be predicted The basic unit of NSM syntax is analogous to the clause, namely, a combination of a substantives (I, YOU, SOMEONE, PEOPLE, SOMETHING) with any one of a range of predicates and some additional elements determined by the nature of the predicate. The elements which may function as predicate are action, events, movement: do, happen, move. The syntax of semantic primes is canonical sentence which deals with valence structure. Valence structure is combination of some prototypes of semantic prime, such as: 1) Argument 1 + predicate 2) Argument 1 + predicate + Argument 2 Thus, in terms of syntactic frames, the following patterns are taken into account: 1) Subject (S) + Predicate (P) 2) Subject (S) + Predicate (P) + Complement ( In terms of valence structure or option, the predicate has valence options. It may combine with one substantive as in "this is good for you" (which may be called Subject Complement

Deep Structure Specification Of Semantic Prime Do In Balinese
In case grammar models, the deep structure consists of a control verb and a series of case-marked Noun Phrase (NP). The deep structure specification of lexical entry requires a description of the underlying structure. The underlying deep structure may be described in terms of simple predicate, e.g. be, come about, cause. These can be described by The deep structure realized as a verb and a series of cases, the cases defined in a new list, and the case frames for verbs determined this deep structure must then be programmed into surface structure by a series of realization rules. The rules include subject choice, object choice and deletion rules. Cook (1979), presents that the case frame is arranged in a twelve cell matrix of verb types  Cook (1979), presents 5 propositional cases, as follows: 1) Agent (A) is the case required by an action verb. It is defined as the typically animate doer of the action 2) Experincer (E) is the case required by an experiential verb, such as sensation, emotion, cognition or communication 3) Benefactive (B) is the case required by a benefactive verb. 4) Object (O) is an obligatory case found with every verb 5) Locative (L) is the case required by a locative verb and is restricted to physical location. It is a place of a state, process, or action.
The semantic prime DO has so many representations in Balinese language. Their syntactic frames are categorized into three. They open for slots filled with case marked Noun Phrase (NP). The case roles of the NP preceding and following the semantic prime DO (which may be called a verb) are dependent on the meaning of the verb which may control and instigate the NP. The verb can be in the forms of both action and process verbs. The case roles can be described as follows:  3) and (1-4) are also high in valence but the verb belongs to a process verb mataluh (produced eggs) and nyemuh (dried). The process verb requires two Arguments but the case roles are different. The process verb mataluh (produced eggs) in (1-3) may mean that someone or something that produced eggs is the Befactive in which it experiences something from the process. Meanwhile, the eggs produced may mean something that can be given to the doer. The verb nyemuh (dried) in data (1-4) may mean that the doer did a process so that it can get a kind of experience. Therefore, the case roles of the Arguments darane (the pigeon) and I Kesuna are Benefactive or Experiencer (E) and the second Arguments mas (golden eggs) and padi (rice) are Object (O). Therefore the deep structure can be specified into B/E-O, where B is corefrential with E 2) X does (something) to/for/with someone/something (2-1) Pan Balang Tamak sengitange teken krama desane N-3SG silence-PASS PREP villagerN-PL-ART Pan Balang Tamak was silenced by the villagers Data (2-1) is in passive voice indicated by the verb sengitanga (was silenced). It is high in valence since there are two arguments required by the verb. They are Pan Balang Tamak as Argument 1 and kramane (the villagers) as Argument 2. The case roles of the Arguments are Pan Balng Tamak is Object (O) and Kramane (the villagers) is Agent (A). It can be said that the deep structure can be specified into O-A where S = O.
(2-2) Nang Bangsing nyemak pipis ajak kurenanne N-3SG take money PREP wife-POSS Nang Bangsing took money with his wife Data (2-2) is in active voice of which valence is very high since there are more than two arguments required by the verb. The verb nyemak (took) requires more than two arguments in which the verbs control and instigate the Arguments. The case roles of the Arguments are Nang Bangsing is Agent (A), pipis (money) is Object (O) and kurenanne (his wife) is Benefactive (B). The deep structure of data (2-2) can be specified into A-O-B.
(2-3) Daane dana ento maan pamales emas uli darane ento Unmarried womanN-SG-ART good ART can get gold PREP N-3SG-ART The kind unmarried woman could have gold from the pigeon Data (2-3) is in active voice of which valence is very high since there are more than two arguments required by the verb. Data (2-3) contains the state verb maan (obtained) and there are two Arguments in the sentence. The first Argument is daane (the unmarried woman), the second Argument is mas (golden eggs). The verb maan (to obtain) belongs to the state verb. All of the Arguments are not controlled and instigated by the verb maan (to obtain) meaning that someone can obtain something from something. Therefore, the case roles of the Arguments are daane (the unmarried woman) is Benefactive (B). Mas (the golden egg) is Object state (Os). The deep structure of the data can be specified into B-Os.
( Since there is only one argument in this data, it is then considered low valence. After the verb there a phrase indicating a place where the argument lived. Therefore, the case roles of the argument is Object State (Os) and di Banjar is Locative (L). The deep structure specification is Os -L (3-4) I Kesuna nglilingang iba di oot pesake N-3SG roll self PREP ore rice-ART I Kesuna rolled over on the rice ore Data (3-4) contains a process verb nglilingang (rolled over). It does not control the argument. Since there is only one reflective argument then it is low in valence. After the verb there is a place indicating the place where the argument does a process verb. Therefore, the case role of the argument I Kesuna is Experiencer (E) and di oot pesake is Locative. The deep structure can be specified into E-L 4) X does (something) to/for/with someone/something in/at/on something (4-1) Pan Balang Tamak karahan sangkep olih kramane di banjar N-3SG PASS-inform meet PREP villager-ART PREP banjar Pan Balang Tamak was asked to attend meeting by the villagers in banjar Data (4-1) contains the action verb karahin (was asked) which is in passive voice meaning that there must be someone who did it that is asking, and there must be someone who is asked to do something in certain place. This means that the deep structure can be specified into someone who is asking is the doer, the one who is asked is the object and in certain place is location. Therefore, the case roles is Pan Balang Tamak is an Object (O) in which S=O; and di banjar is Locative (L). The doer in this case is kramanne (the villagers) which is specified as Agent (A). Therefore the deep structure of this clause can be specified into O-A-L (4-2) Kurenan Nang Bangsinge nglebengang daaran baanga babajanranne di jumahne Wife N-3SG-POSS cook meal give-PASS villager-ART PREP home-ART Nang Bangsing's wife cooked meals for villagers at home Data (4-2) contains process verb nglebengin (cooked). It shows that there must be someone who is doing something for someone else in certain place. Someone who is doing refers to Kurenan Nang Bangsing (Nang Bangsing's wife). Something which is being processed is daaran (meals). For someone is indicated by baange babanjaranne (for villagers). The place where something is being processed is di jumahne (at home). Kurenan Nang Bangsinge is Agent (A), daaran is Object (O), babajanranne (the villagers) is B/E; di jumahne is Locative (L). Therefore, the deep structure can be specified into A-O-B/E-L, where B is coreferential with E.

Conclusion
From the above description, some conclusions related to the problems formulated in this paper can be made, as follows: 1) Syntactic frames of semantic prime DO can be described as X does (something), X does (something) to/for/with someone/something, X does (something) in something, X does (something) to/for/with/someone/something in something 2) Sentence constructed by the semantic prime DO can be represented by some Balinese verbs which are mapped into action, process, and state verbs. These verbs are able to control and instigate the arguments preceding and following them. So, deep structure specification or a case role of the argument can be described by the propositions of Agent (A), Experiencer (E), Benefactive (B), Object (O), Locative (L).