Drug resistant bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces, equipment and health care workers in ICU of a tertiary care Hospital in North India

https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.9227

Authors

  • Shaika Farooq Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar
  • Saqib Rishi Senior Resident Department Of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar
  • Safura Dewani Senior Resident Department Of Physiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar
  • Lenah Bashir Lecturer, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar
  • Mahnoor Postgraduate Scholar, Department Of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar

Keywords:

infection control ICU, drug resistant bacterial contamination ICU, MRSA, frequent touched surfaces

Abstract

ICU-acquired infections are a challenging health problem worldwide as the patient’s immunity is already compromised and these infections are usually caused by MDR pathogens. In ICUs inanimate surfaces and equipment may be contaminated by bacteria. Cross-transmission of microorganisms from inanimate surfaces may have a significant role for ICU-acquired infections. Contamination may result from HCWs hands or by direct patient shedding of bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the rate of bacterial contamination on environmental surfaces and health care workers of ICU our hospital. Swabs from healthcare workers and surrounding environmental surfaces were collected randomly from Adult Intensive care units. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and data was analyzed. A total of 35 samples were collected, of which 29 (82.8 %) samples yielded positive bacterial growth. Of these 29-positive growth, 10 (34.1%) were from hand swabs of HCWs, 10(34.1%) were from nasal swabs and 9(31.0%) were from environment. Seven different bacterial isolates were identified. Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CONS) 10(28.5%), MRSA 5(14.2%) and Klebsiella spp 5(14.2%) accounted for majority of the isolates followed by MSSA 3(8.5%), Pseudomonas spp 1(2.8%), E.coli 1(2.8%) and ASB 4(11.4%). 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Maheshwari V, Kaore NCM, Ramani VK, Gupta SK, Borle A, et al. A study to asses knowledge and attitude regarding hand hygiene amongst residents and nursing staff in a teritiary care setting of bhopal city. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(8):DC04-07.

Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chairello L. Health care infection control practices [2] advisory committee. management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 2006.

Shanthi M, Uma S. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus at sri ramachandra medical centre. Sri Ramachandra Journal of medicine. 2009;2(2):1-4.

Retty AF, Daniel FS and Aice SW. Bailey and Scotts of Diagnostic Microbiology. 14th ed. Press, Houston, Texas. 2017.

Nasser NE, Abbas AT, Hamed SL. Bacterial contamination in intensive care unit at Al-Imam Al-Hussein Hospital in Thi-qar province in Iraq. Glob J Health Sci. 2013;5(1):143-149. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v5n1p143

CLSI. Performance standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing. 29th ed.CLSI supplement M100. Wayne P A: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2019.

Weinstein RA. Epidemiology and control of Nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units. Am J Med. 1991;91(3 Suppl. 2)):179S-184S. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90366-6

Darge A, Kahsay AG, Hailekiros H, Niguse S, Abdulkader M. Bacterial contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of intensive care unit’s medical equipment and inanimate surfaces at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:621. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4658-5

Tajeddin E, Rashidan M, Razaghi M, et al. The role of the intensive care unit environment and health-care workers in the transmission of bacteria associated with hospital acquired infections. J Infect Public Health.2016;9(1):13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.05.010

Dickgiesser N. Behaviour of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in dry and moist atmosphere (author’s transl)]. Zentralbl Bakteriol B. 1978;167(12):48-62. PMID: 716702.

Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:130. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130.

Jadhav S, Sahasrabudhe T, Kalley V, Gandham N. The microbial colonization profile of respiratory devices and the significance of the role of disinfection: a blinded study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(6):1021-1026. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2013/5681.3086

Russell AD. Bacterial resistance to disinfectants: present knowledge and future problems. J Hosp Infect. 1999;43(Suppl 1):S57-S68. doi: 10.1016/s0195-6701(99)90066-x

Tschudin-Sutter S, Pargger H, Widmer AF. Hand hygiene in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(8 Suppl):S299-S305. doi: 10.1097/ CCM.0b013e3181e6a23f

Birnbach DJ, Rosen LF, Fitzpatrick M, Arheart KL, Munoz-Price LS. An evaluation of hand hygiene in an intensive care unit: Are visitors a potential vector for pathogens? J Infect Public Health. 2015;8(6):570-574. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.04.027

Qiao F, Huang W, Cai L, Zong Z, Yin W Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and infection in an intensive care unit of a university hospital in China. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(9):3698-3708. doi: 10.1177/0300060518777812

Lucet J, Chevret S, Durand-Zaleski I, Chastang C, Regnier B, for the Multicenter Study Group. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Admission to the Intensive Care Unit: Results of a Multicenter Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(2):181-188. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.2.181

Sakr A, Bregeon F, Mege JL, Rolain JM, Blin O. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization: An Update on Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Subsequent Infections. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2419. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02419

Joachim A, Moyo SJ, Nkinda L, et al. Nasal Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Health Care Workers in Tertiary and Regional Hospitals in Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Int J Microbiol. 2018;2018:5058390. doi: 10.1155/2018/5058390

Warnke P, Frickmann H, Ottl P, Podbielski A. Nasal Screening for MRSA: Different Swabs – Different Results. PloS one. 2014;9(10):e111627. doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0111627

Abubakar AS, Barma MM, Balla HJ, Tanimu YS, Waru GB, Dibal J. Spectrum of bacterial isolates among intensive care units’ patients in a tertiary hospital in north eastern Nigeria. Ind J Sci Res and Tech.2014;2(6):42-47.

Montero JG, Lerma FA, Galleymore PR, et al. Combatting resistance in intensive care: the multimodal approachof the Spanish ICU “Zero Resistance” program. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0800-5

Karam G, Chastre J, Wilcox MH, Vincent JL. Antibiotic strategies in the era of multidrug resistance. Crit Care.2016;20(1):136. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1320-7

Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2), vi-ix. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v5n2.2937

Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2022). Post-pandemic health and its sustainability: Educational situation. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), i-v. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n1.5949

Alamsyah, T., Marianthi, D., Hayati, W., & Usrina, N. (2021). Drug user behavior about the development and rehabilitation process in Banda Aceh correctional institution. International Journal of Health & Medical Sciences, 4(1), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.31295/ijhms.v4n1.1348

Published

18-06-2022

How to Cite

Farooq, S., Rishi, S., Dewani, S., Bashir, L., & Mahnoor, M. (2022). Drug resistant bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces, equipment and health care workers in ICU of a tertiary care Hospital in North India. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S4), 4214–4220. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.9227

Issue

Section

Peer Review Articles