Identification of nosocomial infection bacteria from hospitals, and effect of some antibiotics in Wasit Province

Jasim R. Mahdi; Jasim H. Makhrmash; Taqi Mohammed Jwad Taher

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.12231

Authors

Jasim R. Mahdi
jmkharmish@uowasit.edu.iq
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Wasit University, Iraq
Jasim H. Makhrmash Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Wasit University, Iraq
Taqi Mohammed Jwad Taher Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Wasit University, Iraq

Keywords:

bacterial isolation, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), antimicrobial resistance

Abstract

Background: Nosocomial infections are illnesses obtained after medical care. The responsible pathogens are represented by several types of microorganisms and this study aimed to define the causative bacteria and their sensitivity to different antibiotics. Methods: A total of 308 samples have been collected from different places and surfaces prone to bacterial contamination in the three main governmental hospitals in AL-Kut city. Firstly, bacteria were isolated and identified using the biochemical test, then antibiotic sensitivity of isolates was performed using different antibiotics for Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens, and Enterobacter cloacae on Mueller Hinton agar using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: There were 83 (26.9%) bacterial-contaminated samples. The most common type of isolated bacteria was Staphylococcus haemolyticus (20.5%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (12%) of the total bacteria. Culture and sensitivity for Staphylococcus haemolyticus bacteria showed that bacteria were resistant to all selected antibiotics reaching 92.9% for Azithromycin and 85.7% for Erythromycin. Results for A. baumannii bacteria showed bacterial resistance to all antibiotics and the highest rate (87.5%) was reported for Piperacillin. Results for Serratia marcescens bacteria showed bacterial resistance to most antibiotics except for Meropenem with 100% resistance to Augmentin and Nitrofurantoin.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abate, Hailemichael, and Chilot Kassa Mekonnen. 2020. 'Knowledge, attitude, and precautionary measures towards covid-19 among medical visitors at the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital northwest Ethiopia', Infection and drug resistance, 13: 4355.

Akbarov, A. N., & Xabilov, D. N. U. (2021). The condition of the oral cavity in patients who have had a viral infection COVID-19. International Journal of Health & Medical Sciences, 4(4), 381-383. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijhms.v4n4.1796

Bora, Prapti, Priya Datta, Varsha Gupta, Lipika Singhal, and Jagdish Chander. 2018. 'Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical samples', Journal of laboratory physicians, 10: 414-19.

Çiftçi Türetken, Pelin S, Gülşen Altuğ, Mine Çardak, and Kemal Güneş. 2019. 'Bacteriological quality, heavy metal, and antibiotic resistance in Sapanca Lake, Turkey', Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191: 1-12.

Giske, Christian G, John Turnidge, Rafael Cantón, and Gunnar Kahlmeter. 2022. 'Update from the European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST)', Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 60: e00276-21.

Jaggi, Namita, Pushpa Sissodia, and Lalit Sharma. 2012. 'Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in a tertiary care hospital: Antimicrobial resistance and clinical significance', Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2: 57-63.

James, Cappuccino, and Sherman Natalie. 2014. Microbiology. A laboratory manual (Pearson Education).

Jernigan, John A, Kelly M Hatfield, Hannah Wolford, Richard E Nelson, Babatunde Olubajo, Sujan C Reddy, Natalie McCarthy, Prabasaj Paul, L Clifford McDonald, and Alex Kallen. 2020. 'Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in US hospitalized patients, 2012–2017', New England Journal of Medicine, 382: 1309-19.

Kaleli, İ, M Demir, M Meralcan, and S Öztürk. 2001. 'Enterobacter suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının değerlendirilmesi', Ankem Derg, 15: 140.

Lahiri, KK, NS Mani, and SS Purai. 2004. 'Acinetobacter spp as nosocomial pathogen: Clinical significance and antimicrobial sensitivity', Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 60: 7-10.

Ma, Yu‐Xuan, Chen‐Yu Wang, Yuan‐Yuan Li, Jing Li, Qian‐Qian Wan, Ji‐Hua Chen, Franklin R Tay, and Li‐Na Niu. 2020. 'Considerations and caveats in combating ESKAPE pathogens against nosocomial infections', Advanced Science, 7: 1901872.

Magill, Shelley S, Erin O’Leary, Sarah J Janelle, Deborah L Thompson, Ghinwa Dumyati, Joelle Nadle, Lucy E Wilson, Marion A Kainer, Ruth Lynfield, and Samantha Greissman. 2018. 'Changes in prevalence of healthcare-associated infections in US hospitals', New England Journal of Medicine, 379: 1732-44.

Magill, Shelley S, Erin O’Leary, Susan M Ray, Marion A Kainer, Christopher Evans, Wendy M Bamberg, Helen Johnston, Sarah J Janelle, Tolulope Oyewumi, and Ruth Lynfield. 2021. 'Antimicrobial use in US hospitals: comparison of results from emerging infections program prevalence surveys, 2015 and 2011', Clinical infectious diseases, 72: 1784-92.

Nazmul, MHM, H Jamal, and MKK Fazlul. 2012. 'Acinetobacter species-associated infections and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles in Malaysia', Biomed Res-India, 23: 571-75.

Ozcan, N, S Yakut, N Genisel, and S Atmaca. 2020. 'Identification and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterobacter species isolated from clinical specimen in southeastern Turkey from 2015 to 2017', J Bacteriol Mycol, 8: 175-8.

Rani, Pragya, MB Latha, SG Reddy, and AK Bilolikar. 2015. 'A study of Acinetobacter from various clinical specimens and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern in a tertiary care hospital', J Med Sci Res, 3: 162-65.

Ruzauskas, Modestas, Rita Siugzdiniene, Vaida Seputiene, Edita Suziedeliene, Marius Virgailis, Rimantas Daugelavicius, Vytautas Spakauskas, Dainius Zienius, Jakov Sengaut, and Alvydas Pavilonis. 2010. 'The situation of antimicrobial resistance of enteric bacteria isolated from animal origin to quinolones and fluoroquinolones', Vet Med Zoot, 50: 73-80.

Siegel, JD. 2007. 'Rhinehart E Jackson M Chiarello L-The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions: Preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings', Am J Infect Control, 35: 65.

Singh, Lavan, MP Cariappa, and NK Das. 2016. 'Drug sensitivity pattern of various Staphylococcus species isolated at a tertiary care hospital', Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 72: S62-S66.

Singh, S, B Dhawan, A Kapil, SK Kabra, A Suri, V Sreenivas, and BK Das. 2016. 'Coagulase-negative staphylococci causing blood stream infection at an Indian tertiary care hospital: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterisation', Indian journal of medical microbiology, 34: 500-05.

Storr, Julie, Anthony Twyman, Walter Zingg, Nizam Damani, Claire Kilpatrick, Jacqui Reilly, Lesley Price, Matthias Egger, M Lindsay Grayson, and Edward Kelley. 2017. 'Core components for effective infection prevention and control programmes: new WHO evidence-based recommendations', Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 6: 1-18.

Suetens, Carl, Katrien Latour, Tommi Kärki, Enrico Ricchizzi, Pete Kinross, Maria Luisa Moro, Béatrice Jans, Susan Hopkins, Sonja Hansen, and Outi Lyytikäinen. 2018a. 'The Healthcare-Associated Infections Prevalence Study Group Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, estimated incidence and composite antimicrobial resistance index in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities: results from two European point prevalence surveys, 2016 to 2017', Euro Surveill, 23: 1800516.

Suetens, Carl, Katrien Latour, Tommi Kärki, Enrico Ricchizzi, Pete Kinross, Maria Luisa Moro, Béatrice Jans, Susan Hopkins, Sonja Hansen, and Outi Lyytikäinen. 2018b. 'Prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, estimated incidence and composite antimicrobial resistance index in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities: results from two European point prevalence surveys, 2016 to 2017', Eurosurveillance, 23: 1800516.

Suryasa, I. W., Rodríguez-Gámez, M., & Koldoris, T. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2), vi-ix. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v5n2.2937

Tewari, Rachna, Deepti Chopra, Rushna Wazahat, Shreya Dhingra, and Mridu Dudeja. 2018. 'Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of an emerging multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen: Acinetobacter baumannii', The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, 25: 129.

Tıraş, Ü, Ö Erdeve, O Çamurdan, and Y Dallar. 2002. 'Serratia marcescens: A serious death causing agent for neonates', T Klin J Med Sci, 22: 571-73.

Vakili, Bahareh, Hossein Fazeli, Parisa Shoaei, Majid Yaran, Behrooz Ataei, Farzin Khorvash, and Moj Khaleghi. 2014. 'Detection of colistin sensitivity in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iran', Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19: S67.

Yang, Hai-Fei, Jun Cheng, Li-Fen Hu, Ying Ye, and Jia-Bin Li. 2012. 'Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance inextended-spectrum-β-lactamase-and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Serratia marcescens in China', Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 56: 4529-31.