Readability, suitability, actionability and understandability of malay-language patient education materials on asthma, tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Keywords:
patient education materials, asthma, COPD, tuberculosis, PEMAT, SAM, readability, KRRF, health literacyAbstract
The 3 most prevalent respiratory diseases in Malaysia are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and tuberculosis (TB). Patient education materials (PEMs) have been utilised to deliver information about the disease, ways to manage and to prevent the conditions. Therefore, PEMs produced must be effective. Methods: Malay language PEMs on asthma, COPD and TB were assessed using Khadijah Rohani’s Readability Formula (KRRF), Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument and Patient Education Materials Assessment Tools (PEMAT) by 2 independent assessors. Results: 11 eligible PEMs were found on the Internet with only 8 PEMs eligible for readability assessment. Overall, 62.5% of PEMs achieved recommended grade 6 level. PEMs attained a mean suitability score of 74% which was categorised as superior, however PEMs failed to provide summary (100%) and did not did not use captions to explain graphic (90.9%). PEMs attained a mean understandability score of 78% and a lower mean actionability score of 60%. Despite high understandability, PEMs did not necessarily have high actionability. Conclusion: Majority of Malay-language PEMs on asthma, COPD and TB found are readable, suitable and understandable for most Malaysians even though some improvements on actionability are required to produce more effective PEMs.
Downloads
References
Vos, T., Lim, S. S., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi, M., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abrams, E. M., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., … Murray, C. J. L. (2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258), 1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
Amin, S., Soliman, M., McIvor, A., Cave, A., & Cabrera, C. (2020). Understanding patient perspectives on medication adherence in asthma: A targeted review of qualitative studies. In Patient Preference and Adherence (Vol. 14, pp. 541–551). Dove Medical Press Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S234651
Shajahan, R., Navaratnam, P., Kasinathan, G., Kadirvelu, A., & Pillai, N. (2016). Predictors of Re-Emerging Tuberculosis: A Review. OALib, 03, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102520
Md. Yunus, K. R. (1982). An Assessment Of Structural Variables In Malay: A Readability Formula. In An Assessment Of Structural Variables In Malay: A Readability Formula.
Doak, C. C., Doak, L. G., & Root, J. H. (1996). Assessing Suitability of Materials. In Teaching patients with low literacy skills (Second, pp. 41–60). J.B. Lippincott.
Shoemaker, S. J., Wolf, M. S., & Brach, C. (2014). The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and User’s Guide An Instrument To Assess the Understandability and Actionability of Print and Audiovisual Patient Education Materials (Version 1.0). https://doi.org/AHRQ Publication No. 14-0002-EF
Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2019). Quick Facts 2019: Malaysia Educational Statistics. Educational Planning and Research Division. https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/penerbitan-dan-jurnal/terbitan/buku-informasi/2722-quick-facts-2019/file
Hahn, R. A., & Truman, B. I. (2015). Education Improves Public Health and Promotes Health Equity. International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation, 45(4), 657–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731415585986
Johnson, R., Edwards, R., Rivers, A., Patil, C., & Walsh, S. (2019). Evaluating literacy levels of patient education materials for a sickle cell transition group education programme. Health Education Journal, 79(3), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896919876668
Katz, M. G., Kripalani, S., & Weiss, B. D. (2006). Use of pictorial aids in medication instructions: a review of the literature. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : AJHP : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 63(23), 2391–2397. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp060162
Price, D., David-Wang, A., Cho, S. H., Ho, J. C. M., Jeong, J. W., Liam, C. K., Lin, J., Muttalif, A. R., Perng, D. W., Tan, T. L., Yunus, F., & Neira, G. (2016). Asthma in Asia: Physician perspectives on control, inhaler use and patient communications. Journal of Asthma, 53(7), 761–769. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2016.1141951
Wong, S. T., Saddki, N., & Tin-Oo, M. M. (2019). Readability and suitability of oral health education pamphlets produced by the ministry of health Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 74(4), 312–319.
Bårnes, C. B., & Ulrik, C. S. (2015). Asthma and adherence to inhaled corticosteroids: current status and future perspectives. Respiratory Care, 60(3), 455–468. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.03200
Rothman, R. L., Housam, R., Weiss, H., Davis, D., Gregory, R., Gebretsadik, T., Shintani, A., & Elasy, T. A. (2006). Patient Understanding of Food Labels: The Role of Literacy and Numeracy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31(5), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.07.025
Defeyter, M. A., Russo, R., & McPartlin, P. L. (2009). The picture superiority effect in recognition memory: A developmental study using the response signal procedure. Cognitive Development, 24(3), 265–273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.05.002
Arnold, C. L., Davis, T. C., Frempong, J. O., Humiston, S. G., Bocchini, A., Kennen, E. M., & Lloyd-Puryear, M. (2006). Assessment of newborn screening parent education materials. Pediatrics, 117(5 Pt 2), S320-5. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2633L
Pfannstiel, M., & Rasche, C. (2019). Service Design and Service Thinking in Healthcare and Hospital Management. Springer.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2019). Current Population Estimates, Malaysia, 2020 [Press release]. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZRTN5bDJiaEVhZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09
Ibrahim, R. (2007). Multiculturalism and Education in Malaysia. Culture and Religion, 8(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14755610701424024
Kapoor, K., George, P., Evans, M. C., Miller, W. J., & Liu, S. S. (2017). Health Literacy: Readability of ACC/AHA Online Patient Education Material. Cardiology, 138(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475881
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
