Cryptosporidium disease of small ruminants in the region of El Taref and Mostaghanem: Epidemiological, bacteriological and histopathological characteristics

F Alloui; R Baazizi; C Djebrane; D Baroudi; D Khelef

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v8n1.14847

Authors

F. Alloui
f.alloui@etud.ensv.dz
Food Hygiene, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Laboratory (HASAQ), National Veterinary Higher School Algiers, Algeria
R. Baazizi Food Safety and Quality Assurance Laboratory (HASAQ), National Veterinary Higher School Algiers, Algeria
C. Djebrane Taoura Agro Veterinary Institute, Mohamed Cherrif Messaadia Souk Ahras University, Algeria
D. Baroudi Food Hygiene, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Laboratory (HASAQ), National Veterinary Higher School Algiers, Algeria
D. Khelef Food Hygiene, Food Safety and Quality Assurance Laboratory (HASAQ), National Veterinary Higher School Algiers, Algeria & Animal Health and Production Laboratory (SPA), National Veterinary Higher School, Algiers, Algeria

Keywords:

Cryptosporidium, Histopathological, Northern Algeria, Small ruminants, Survey

Abstract

To identify and quantify Cryptosporidium infection in small ruminants in northern Algeria, specifically in the regions of Tarf and Mostaganem, a three-year survey was conducted between 2019 and 2021. The epidemiological investigation covered several aspects of the prevalence and etiology of Cryptosporidium, including various factors suspected to contribute to the spread of the causative agent of this disease. In addition, a confirmatory study was initiated, with bacteriological and histopathological tests performed on samples collected during the survey period from the various farms examined. The results showed that the epidemic takes several aspects for its spread as well as its persistence, the bacteriological results showed a coincidence of the presence of the pathogen in a significant proportion, and the histopathological interpretation of the slides revealed the diversity of lesions at the intestinal level with the predominance and inversion of enterocytes by sporozoites, resulting in the recurrence of lesions in the different organs collected in all species studied, cattle, sheep and goats.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbott, K. (2018). The practice of sheep veterinary medicine (p. 614). University of Adelaide Press.

Allen, A. V., & Ridley, D. S. (1970). Further observations on the formol-ether concentration technique for faecal parasites. Journal of clinical pathology, 23(6), 545.

Ananthakrishnan, A. N., & Xavier, R. J. (2020). Gastrointestinal diseases. In Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases (pp. 16-26). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-55512-8.00003-X

Bamaiyi, P. H., & Redhuan, N. E. M. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors for cryptosporidiosis: a global, emerging, neglected zoonosis. Asian Biomedicine, 10(4), 309-325.

Baroudi, D., Khelef, D., Goucem, R., Adjou, K., Bendali, F., & Xiao, L. (2011). La cryptosporidiose du chevreau dans quelques bergeries de la région d’Alger. Rencontres autour des recherches sur les ruminants, (18).

Barrington, G. M., Gay, J. M., & Evermann, J. F. (2002). Biosecurity for neonatal gastrointestinal diseases. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 18(1), 7-34.

Bartley, P. M., Thomson, S., Jonsson, N. N., Taroda, A., Elisabeth, A. I., & Katzer, F. (2023). Differences in virulence and oocyst shedding profiles in lambs experimentally infected with different isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum. Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases, 4, 100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100127

Bourgouin, H. (1996). The place of cryptosporidiosis among the diseases of newborn calves in Corrèze.

Brook, E., Hart, C. A., French, N., & Christley, R. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in young calves. Veterinary Parasitology, 152(1-2), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.003

Causapé, A. C., Quılez, J., Sánchez-Acedo, C., Del Cacho, E., & López-Bernad, F. (2002). Prevalence and analysis of potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium parvum infection in lambs in Zaragoza (northeastern Spain). Veterinary Parasitology, 104(4), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00639-2

Chalmers, R. M., & Giles, M. (2010). Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in the UK–challenges for control. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109(5), 1487-1497.

Chalmers, R. M., & Katzer, F. (2013). Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends in parasitology, 29(5), 237-251.

De Graaf, D. C., Vanopdenbosch, E., Ortega-Mora, L. M., Abbassi, H., & Peeters, J. E. (1999). A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals. International Journal for parasitology, 29(8), 1269-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00076-4

Erling, D. (2022). The dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp. during first three week of calves’ life and the effect on the general inflammatory response (Master's thesis, Eesti Maaülikool).

Fayer, R. (2007). General biology. In Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis (pp. 1-42). CRC press.

Fayer, R., & Ungar, B. L. (1986). Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiological reviews, 50(4), 458-483.

Foster, D. M. (2012). Control of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Loss in Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. North Carolina State University.

Gookin, J. L., Nordone, S. K., &Argenzio, R. A. (2002). Host responses to Cryptosporidium infection. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 16(1), 12-21.

Guo, Y., Li, N., Ryan, U., Feng, Y., & Xiao, L. (2021). Small ruminants and zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. Parasitology Research, 120(12), 4189-4198.

Henriksen, S. A., & Pohlenz, J. F. L. (1981). Staining of cryptosporidia by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta veterinaria scandinavica, 22(3-4), 594.

Hijjawi, N., Zahedi, A., Al-Falah, M., & Ryan, U. (2022). A review of the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 98, 105212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105212

Juranek, D. D. (1995). Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 21(Supplement_1), S57-S61.

Kalkanov, I., Dinev, I., Iliev, P., & Marutsov, P. (2019). Comparative pathomorphological investigations on colibacillosis and cryptosporidiosis in calves. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 22(1), 92-100.

Kaupke, A., & Rzeżutka, A. (2022). Population genetics of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in cattle in Poland: the geographical change of strain prevalence and circulation over time. BMC Veterinary Research, 18(1), 263.

Khan, A., Shaik, J. S., & Grigg, M. E. (2018). Genomics and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species. Acta Tropica, 184, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.023

Khelef, D., Akam, A., Kaidi, R., Hussein, M. S. A., Șuteu, E., &Cozma, V. (2002). Comparative evaluation of methods for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in calf faeces.

Kirikci, K., & Cam, M. A. (2020). The importance of colostrum on neonate development in ruminants. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 162-166.

Kusiluka, L., & Kambarage, D. (1996). Diseases of small ruminants: a Handbook: common diseases of sheep and goats in Sub-Saharan Africa. VETAID.

Lefay, D., Naciri, M., Poirier, P., &Chermette, R. (2000). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves in France. Veterinary Parasitology, 89(1-2), 1-9.

Lefebvre, M., Razakandrainibe, R., Villena, I., Favennec, L., & Costa, D. (2021). Cryptosporidium-biofilm interactions: a review. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 87(3), e02483-20.

Maddox-Hyttel, C., Langkjær, R. B., Enemark, H. L., & Vigre, H. (2006). Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different age groups of Danish cattle and pigs—occurrence and management associated risk factors. Veterinary parasitology, 141(1-2), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.032

Makri, A., Modarres, R., & Parkin, R. (2004). Cryptosporidiosis susceptibility and risk: a case study. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 24(1), 209-220.

McDougald, L. R., Cervantes, H. M., Jenkins, M. C., Hess, M., & Beckstead, R. (2020). Protozoal infections. Diseases of poultry, 1192-1254.

Mohammed, A., Degefu, H., &Jilo, K. (2017). Cryptosporidium and its public health importance. International Journal of Research Studies in Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3(4), 12-31.

Mosier, D. A., & Oberst, R. D. (2000). Cryptosporidiosis: a global challenge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 916(1), 102-111.

Naciri, M., Mancassola, R., Yvoré, P., & Peeters, J. E. (1993). The effect of halofuginone lactate on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in calves. Veterinary parasitology, 45(3-4), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4017(93)90075-X

Nichols, G. L. (1992). The biology, epidemiology and typing of Cryptosporidium spp. University of Surrey (United Kingdom).

Odeniran, P. O., & Ademola, I. O. (2019). Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in different hosts in Nigeria: a meta-analysis. Parasitology international, 71, 194-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.007

O'Handley, R. M., & Olson, M. E. (2006). Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in ruminants. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 22(3), 623-643.

Ouakli, N., Belkhiri, A., de Lucio, A., Köster, P. C., Djoudi, M., Dadda, A., ... & Carmena, D. (2018). Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhoea in neonatal calves in Algeria. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 12, 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.02.005

Pal, P., & Chetty, R. (2020). Infections. In Muir's Textbook of Pathology (pp. 527-564). CRC Press.

Panousis, N., Diakou, A., Giadinis, N., Papadopoulos, E., Karatzias, H., & Haralampidis, S. (2008). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in sheep flocks with a history of lambs’ diarrhoea. Rev Med Vet, 159(10), 528-31.

Peek, S. F., Mcguirk, S. M., Sweeney, R. W., & Cummings, K. J. (2018). Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Rebhun's Diseases of Dairy Cattle, 249.

Plutzer, J., & Karanis, P. (2009). Genetic polymorphism in Cryptosporidium species: an update. Veterinary parasitology, 165(3-4), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.003

Pumipuntu, N., & Piratae, S. (2018). Cryptosporidiosis: A zoonotic disease concern. Veterinary world, 11(5), 681.

Reinoso, R., Becares, E., & Smith, H. V. (2008). Effect of various environmental factors on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104(4), 980-986.

Robertson, L. J., Björkman, C., Axén, C., & Fayer, R. (2014). Cryptosporidiosis in farmed animals. Cryptosporidium: parasite and disease, 149-235.

Robertson, L. J., Johansen, Ø. H., Kifleyohannes, T., Efunshile, A. M., & Terefe, G. (2020). Cryptosporidium infections in Africa—how important is zoonotic transmission? A review of the evidence. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 575881.

Rousseau, A., La Carbona, S., Dumètre, A., Robertson, L. J., Gargala, G., Escotte-Binet, S., ... & Aubert, D. (2018). Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: a review of methods. Parasite, 25.

Ryan, U. N. A., Fayer, R., & Xiao, L. (2014). Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs. Parasitology, 141(13), 1667-1685.

Santín, M. (2013). Clinical and subclinical infections with Cryptosporidium in animals. New Zealand veterinary journal, 61(1), 1-10.

Saratsis, A., Joachim, A., Alexandros, S., & Sotiraki, S. (2011). Lamb coccidiosis dynamics in different dairy production systems. Veterinary parasitology, 181(2-4), 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.027

Sembiring, T. B., Maruf, I. R., Susilo, C. B., Hidayatulloh, A. N., & Bangkara, B. M. A. S. A. (2022). Health literacy study on approaching forest and boosting immune system strategy. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6n1.3145

Sherding, R. G., & Johnson, S. E. (2006). Diseases of the intestines. Saunders manual of small animal practice, 702.

Silva, K. J. S., & Sabogal-Paz, L. P. (2021). Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.(oo) cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays. Water Research, 189, 116590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590

Šlapeta, J. (2013). Cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium species in animals and humans: a thirty colour rainbow?. International Journal for Parasitology, 43(12-13), 957-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.07.005

Tarek, K., Amine, B., Eddine, R. D., Abdelhafidh, M., & Hanane, A. (2019). Morpho-histological comparisons of liver between the broiler chickens and wild boar in Algeria Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 7(1), 24-29.

Thomson, S., Hamilton, C. A., Hope, J. C., Katzer, F., Mabbott, N. A., Morrison, L. J., & Innes, E. A. (2017). Bovine cryptosporidiosis: impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Veterinary research, 48, 1-16.

Tomazic, M. L., Garro, C., & Schnittger, L. (2018). Cryptosporidium. Parasitic Protozoa of Farm Animals and Pets, 11-54.

Tzipori, S. A. U. L. (1983). Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans. Microbiological reviews, 47(1), 84-96.

Ulutaş, B., & Voyvoda, H. (2004). Cryptosporidiosis in diarrhoeic lambs on a sheep farm. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 28, 15-17.

Van Metre, D. C., Tennant, B. C., & Whitlock, R. H. (2008). Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Rebhun's diseases of dairy cattle, 200.

Zeleke, M. A., Francesca, S., Gezahegn, M., & Getachew, T. (2017). Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle calves and its public health significance in Central Ethiopia. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research, 7(2), 59-65.