Estimation of pancreatic enzymes, zinc transporter 8, zinc and selenium could improve the diagnosis of type 2 DM
Keywords:
glutamic acid carboxylase, type 2 DM, zinc transporter 8, zincAbstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder which could lead to debilitating conditions due to deficiency or lack of insulin. The study aimed to evaluate the levels of glucose, amylase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, zinc, selenium and zinc transporter 8 in type 2 DM. A total of 90 subjects were investigated comprising 45 type 2 DM subjects and 45 apparently healthy individuals age-matched. Fasting plasma glucose and amylase were determined colorimetrically; glutamic acid carboxylase and zinc transporter 8 were determined using ELISA technique while zinc and selenium levels were estimated using AAS. The results showed significant increase in the levels of glucose, GAD and zinc in type 2 DM compared with control (p < 0.000, 0.037 and 0.004 respectively) whereas the levels of amylase and zinc transporter 8 showed significant decrease (p = 0.001 and 0.043 respectively).There was no significant difference in the parameters based on gender. There was significant positive correlation (p=0.031) between selenium and zinc/selenium ratio. The study concluded that assessing the levels of these parameters especially zinc transporter 8, GAD, zinc, and selenium could provide more insight to the diagnosis of type 2 DM and also be targeted in developing therapeutic option for type 2 DM.
Downloads
References
Adulcikas J, Sonda S, Norouzi S, Sohal SS & Myers S (2019). Targeting the Zinc Transporter ZIP7 in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes; Nutrients. 11(2):408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020408
Akalu Y & Birhan A (2020). Peripheral Arterial Disease and Its Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J Diabetes Res. 2020:9419413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9419413
Alhajj M, Zubair M & Farhana A (2023). Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. [Updated In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555922/
Assis, A. & Nobrega, J. (2022) Can Persistent Children Hyperglycemia Be Induced by Causes Other Than Pancreas Failure?. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 12, 135-158. doi: 10.4236/ojemd.2022.127011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2022.127011
Aughsteen AA, Abu-Umair MS & Mahmoud SA (2005). Biochemical analysis of serum pancreatic amylase and lipase enzymes in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J;26(1):73-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15537/1658-3175.2786
Barchielli G, Capperucci A & Tanini D (2022). The role of selenium in pathologies: an updated review. Antioxidants.11:251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020251
Bhatty A, Baig S, Rubab Z & Shahid MA (2019). Emerging Role of Zinc Transporter-8Autoantibodies (ZnT8A) in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus- A Review. J Adv Med Med Res. 31:1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2019/v31i630304
Bhola S, Cave EM, Bhana S, Crowther NJ & Padoa CJ (2021). Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) autoantibody prevalence in black South African participants with type 1 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord. 21(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s12902-021-00812-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00812-8
Chen, Y. and Cruzat, V. & Newsholme, P (2016). β-cell metabolism, insulin production and secretion: Metabolic failure resulting in diabetes, in Mauricio, D. (ed), Molecular Nutrition and Diabetes, pp. 29-40. London: Academic Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801585-8.00003-8
Chimienti F, Devergnas S, Pattou F et al. (2006). In vivo expression and functional characterization of the zinc transporter ZnT8 in glucose-induced insulin secretion. J Cell Sci;119 :4199–4206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.03164
Cinti,F Mezza,T Severi,I Suleiman,M Cefalo, C.M.A. Sorice, G.P. Moffa, S. Impronta, F. Quero, G Alfieri, S. Mari, A. Pontecorvi, A. Marselli, L Cinti, S. Marchetti, P. & Giaccari, A. (2021). Noradrenergic fibers are associated with beta-cell dedifferentiation and impaired beta-cell function in humans. Metabolism. 114, 154414 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154414
Crotti C & Selmi C (2014). Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. in Autoantibodies (3rd Ed). Shoenfeld Y, Meroni PL, Gershwin ME (eds), 46:385 389,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-56378-1.00046-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-56378-1.00046-0
Farooq DM, Alamri AF, Alwhahabi BK, Metwally AM & Kareem KA (2020). The status of zinc in type 2 diabetic patients and its association with glycemic control. J Family Community Med. 27(1):29-36 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_113_19
Fontenelle, L. C., Feitosa, M. M., Morais, J. B. S., Severo, J. S., Freitas, T. E. C. de, Beserra, J. B., Henriques, G. S., & Marreiro, D. do N. (2018). The role of selenium in insulin resistance. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 54(3), 100-106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902018000100139
Fu Y, Tian W, Pratt EB, et al.,(2009). Down‐regulation of ZnT8 expression in INS‐1 rat pancreatic beta cells reduces insulin content and glucose‐inducible insulin secretion. PLoS One. 4: e5679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005679
Fukunaka, A., & Fujitani, Y. (2018). Role of Zinc Homeostasis in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Obesity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(2), 476. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020476 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020476
Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe KB, Ostolaza H & Martín C (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 30;21(17):6275. doi: 10.3390/ijms21176275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275
Giri,B , Dey,S Das,T Sarkar,M Banerjee,J & Dash SK (2018).Chronic hyperglycemia mediated physiological alteration and metabolic distortion leads to organ dysfunction, infection, cancer progression and other pathophysiological consequences: An update on glucose toxicity. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,107, 306-328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.157
Huang, L. (2014). Zinc and its transporters, pancreatic beta cells, and insulin metabolism. In: Litwack, G. editor. Vitamins and Hormones. Atlanta, GA: Elsevier; 365-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800174-5.00014-4
Ishihara H & Wollheim CB (2016). Is zinc an intra-islet regulator of glucagon secretion? Diabetol Int. 7(2):106-110. doi: 10.1007/s13340-016-0259-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-016-0259-x
Jun HS, Khil LY & Yoon JW (2000). Role of glutamic acid decarboxylase in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59(11):1892-901. DOI: 10.1007/PL00012512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012512
Kabadi, U. (2021) Diabetes Mellitus: Disorder of Cellular Dysfunction Due to Lack of Entry into Cell of Glucose. The Most Efficient Fuel for Cellular Function. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 11, 79-101. doi: 10.4236/ojemd.2021.113007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2021.113007
Kieliszek, M., Bano, I. Zare & H.A (2022). Comprehensive Review on Selenium and Its Effects on Human Health and Distribution in Middle Eastern Countries. Biol Trace Elem Res 200, 971–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02716-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02716-z
Kumar A, Itagi AS, Chetan TL & Neeralagi S (2022). Study of Serum Amylase Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Asian J. Med. Res. 11(2):1-6. DOI:dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajmr.2022.11.2.1
Li M, Chi X, Wang Y, Setrerrahmane S, Xie W & Xu H (2022). Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 7(1):216. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01073-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01073-0
Li Q, Qiao ZR, Liu DB, Zeng JT, Zhang J, Bo Y, Zu HY, Hu Q, Wu X & Dong SS (2015). Relationship between serum GAD-Ab and the genetic polymorphisms of GAD2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genet Mol Res.14(2):3002-9. doi: 10.4238/2015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.April.10.10
Lorentz K (2000). Routine alpha-amylase assay using protected 4-nitrophenyl-1, 4-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside and a novel alpha-glucosidase. Clin Chem. 46(5):644-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.5.644
Mendivil CO, Toloza FJ, Ricardo-Silgado ML, Morales-Álvarez MC, Mantilla-Rivas JO, Pinzón-Cortés JA & Lemus HN (2017). Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase and indices of insulin resistance and insulin secretion in nondiabetic adults: a cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 10:179-185. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S137216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S137216
Morran MP, Vonberg A, Khadra A & Pietropaolo M (2015). Immunogenetics of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mol Aspects Med. 42:42-60. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.004
Nicolson T. J., Bellomo E. A., Wijesekara N., Loder M. K., Baldwin J. M., Gyulkhandanyan A. V., Koshkin V., Tarasov A. I., Carzaniga R., Kronenberger K., Taneja T. K., da Silva Xavier G., Libert S., Froguel P., Scharfmann R., et al.,., . (2009) Insulin storage and glucose homeostasis in mice null for the granule zinc transporter ZnT8 and studies of the type 2 diabetes-associated variants. Diabetes 58, 2070–2083 10.2337/db09-0551 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0551
Ogawa-Wong AN, Berry MJ & Seale LA (2016). Selenium and Metabolic Disorders: An Emphasis on Type 2 Diabetes Risk. Nutrients. 8(2):80. doi: 10.3390/nu8020080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8020080
Pajvani, U.B & Accili, D (2015). The new biology of diabetes. Diabetologia, 58, 2459–2468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-015-3722-5
Shan Z, Bao W, Zhang Y, Rong Y, Wang X, Jin Y, Song Y, Yao P, Sun C, Hu FB & Liu L (2014). Interactions between zinc transporter-8 gene (SLC30A8) and plasma zinc concentrations for impaired glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 63(5):1796-803. doi: 10.2337/db13-0606. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-0606
Tamura Y (2021). The Role of Zinc Homeostasis in the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb. 28(11):1109-1122. doi: 10.5551/jat.RV17057. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.RV17057
Trindler P (1969). Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann Clin Biochem. 6:24–27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000456326900600108
Visser, D (2021). Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Principles and Applications. Analysis & Separations from Technology Networks, 1(3), 5-10.
Williams CL & Long AE (2019). What has zinc transporter 8 autoimmunity taught us about type 1 diabetes? Diabetologia. 62(11):1969-1976. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-04975-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-04975-x
Xiang J, Li XY, Xu M, Hong J, Huang Y, Tan JR, Lu X, Dai M, Yu B & Ning G. J (2008). Zinc transporter-8 gene (SLC30A8) is associated with type 2 diabetes in Chinese. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 93(10):4107-12. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-0161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0161
Xu L, Lu Y, Wang N & Feng Y (2022). The Role and Mechanisms of Selenium Supplementation on Fatty Liver-Associated Disorder. Antioxidants (Basel). 11(5):922. doi: 10.3390/antiox11050922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050922
Yadav R, Bhartiya JP, Verma SK & Nandkeoliar MK (2013). The evaluation of serum amylase in the patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a possible correlation with the pancreatic functions. J Clin Diagn Res. 7(7):1291-4. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2013/6016.3120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2013/6016.3120
Yedjou CG, Grigsby J, Mbemi A, Nelson D, Mildort B, Latinwo L & Tchounwou PB (2023). The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences; 24(10):9085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109085
Yi B, Huang G & Zhou Z (2016). Different role of zinc transporter 8 between type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig. 7(4):459-65. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12441
Zhuang L, Su J-b, Zhang X-l, Huang H-y, Zhao L-h, Xu F, et al. (2016) Serum Amylase Levels in Relation to Islet β Cell Function in Patients with Early Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE. 11(9): e0162204. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162204 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162204
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
