Strongyloides stercoralis infection presenting as protein losing enteropathy
Keywords:
enteropathy, losing, protein, stercoralis, strongyloidesAbstract
Strongyloides sterocoralis infection poses significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in resource-limited settings where the condition is most prevalent. We present a young male in South Africa who developed a protein-losing enteropathy secondary to Strongyloides hyperinfection, making the first reported presentation of this kind in South Africa. The broad spectrum of potential clinical manifestations complicates this treatable condition's prompt recognition and diagnosis. Despite its therapeutic simplicity, data indicates that the prevalence of Strongyloides infection is significantly overlooked and underreported, highlighting the need for increased clinical awareness and improved diagnostic capabilities in endemic regions.
Downloads
References
Alam, A. M., Ozdemir, C., & Reza, N. (2024). Strongyloides stercoralis infection in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published cases. Clinical Medicine, 100227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinme.2024.100227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinme.2024.100227
Arthur, R. P., & Shelley, W. B. (1958). Larva currens: a distinctive variant of cutaneous larva migrans due to Strongyloides stercoralis. AMA Archives of Dermatology, 78(2), 186-190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1958.01560080044007
Basile, A., Simzar, S., Bentow, J., Antelo, F., Shitabata, P., Peng, S. K., & Craft, N. (2010). Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis: hyperinfection during medical immunosuppression. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 63(5), 896-902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.037
Buonfrate, D., Tamarozzi, F., Paradies, P., Watts, M. R., Bradbury, R. S., & Bisoffi, Z. (2022). The diagnosis of human and companion animal Strongyloides stercoralis infection: challenges and solutions. A scoping review. Advances in parasitology, 118, 1-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2022.07.001
Cello, J. P., & Day, L. W. (2009). Idiopathic AIDS enteropathy and treatment of gastrointestinal opportunistic pathogens. Gastroenterology, 136(6), 1952-1965. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.073 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.073
El Hajj, W., Nakad, G., & Abou Rached, A. (2016). Protein loosing enteropathy secondary to strongyloidiasis: case report and review of the literature. Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine, 2016(1), 6831854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6831854
Elshamy, M. H., Mahmoud, T. M., & Ayesh Othman, M. M. (2021). Strongyloidiasis as a Hidden Cause of Protein Losing Enteropathy. Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 11(3), 314-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/aeji.2021.191427
Freedman, D. O. (1991). Experimental infection of human subjects with Strongyloides species. Reviews of infectious diseases, 13(6), 1221-1226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/13.6.1221
Geri, G., Rabbat, A., Mayaux, J., Zafrani, L., Chalumeau-Lemoine, L., Guidet, B., ... & Pène, F. (2015). Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome: a case series and a review of the literature. Infection, 43, 691-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-015-0799-1
Guillamet, L. J. V., Saul, Z., Miljkovic, G., Vilchez, G. A., Mendonca, N., Gourineni, V., ... & Gangcuangco, L. M. (2017). Strongyloides stercoralis infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in the United States of America: a case report and review of literature. The American Journal of Case Reports, 18, 339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.902626
Hailu, T., Nibret, E., Amor, A., & Munshea, A. (2020). Strongyloidiasis in Africa: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Prevalence, Diagnostic Methods, and Study Settings. BioMed Research International, 2020(1), 2868564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2868564
Inês, E. D. J., Souza, J. N., Santos, R. C., Souza, E. S., Santos, F. L., Silva, M. L., ... & Soares, N. M. (2011). Efficacy of parasitological methods for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm in faecal specimens. Acta tropica, 120(3), 206-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.08.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.08.010
Khan, U., Tchomobe, G., Vakharia, S., Suryadevara, M., & Nagarakanti, S. (2022). A case of Strongyloides Stercoralis induced duodenitis and pancreatitis. IDCases, 27, e01442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01442 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01442
Khieu, V., Srey, S., Schär, F., Muth, S., Marti, H., & Odermatt, P. (2013). Strongyloides stercoralis is a cause of abdominal pain, diarrhea and urticaria in rural Cambodia. BMC research notes, 6, 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-200
Krolewiecki, A., & Nutman, T. B. (2019). Strongyloidiasis: a neglected tropical disease. Infectious Disease Clinics, 33(1), 135-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.006
Lakshmanan, I., Krishnamurthy, V., Kumar, P., & Ali, M. (2017). Strongyloides hyperinfection presenting as proteinlosing enteropathy. Journal of Digestive Endoscopy, 8(01), 36-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-5042.202812
Ostrow, A. M., Freeze, H., & Rychik, J. (2006). Protein-losing enteropathy after Fontan operation: investigations into possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 82(2), 695-700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.02.048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.02.048
Overstreet, K., Chen, J., Rodriguez, J. W., & Wiener, G. (2003). Endoscopic and histopathologic findings of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a patient with AIDS. Gastrointestinal endoscopy, 58(6), 928-931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5107(03)02280-6
Page, W., Judd, J. A., & Bradbury, R. S. (2018). The unique life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis and implications for public health action. Tropical medicine and infectious disease, 3(2), 53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3020053
Rivasi, F., Pampiglione, S., Boldorini, R., & Cardinale, L. (2006). Histopathology of gastric and duodenal Strongyloides stercoralis locations in fifteen immunocompromised subjects. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 130(12), 1792-1798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-1792-HOGADS
Rychik, J., & Spray, T. L. (2002). Strategies to treat protein-losing enteropathy. In Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual (Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 3-11). WB Saunders. https://doi.org/10.1053/pcsu.2002.31498 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/pcsu.2002.31498
Santiago, M., & Leitão, B. (2009). Prevention of strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome: a rheumatological point of view. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 20(8), 744-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2009.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2009.09.001
Schär, F., Trostdorf, U., Giardina, F., Khieu, V., Muth, S., Marti, H., ... & Odermatt, P. (2013). Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 7(7), e2288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002288
Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023). Gastroduodenal strongyloidiasis infection causing protein-losing enteropathy: A case report and review of the literature. Heliyon, 9(7). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18094
Watts, M. R., Robertson, G., & Bradbury, R. S. (2016). The laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis. Microbiology Australia, 37(1), 4-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/MA16003
World Health Organization. (2020). Diagnostic methods for the control of strongyloidiasis: virtual meeting, 29 September 2020. World Health Organization.
Zanini, B., Caselani, F., Magni, A., Turini, D., Ferraresi, A., Lanzarotto, F., ... & Lanzini, A. (2013). Celiac disease with mild enteropathy is not mild disease. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(3), 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.09.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2012.09.027
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.