Infertility rate and relationship between infertility status and microbial infections among women in Baquba City

https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5154

Authors

  • Sawsan Talib Salman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Iraq
  • Shahad Khudhair Khalaf Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Iraq
  • Areej Atiya Hussain Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Iraq

Keywords:

candida albicans, chlamydia, infertility, trichomonas vaginalis, women

Abstract

Backgrounds:  Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after twelve months of normal and unprotected sexual intercourse, It is estimated that between 8% -12% of couples of childbearing age in the world are impacted and a variety of factors have a role, including microbial infections. Objectives:  To determine the infertility rate and relation with microbial agents among women in Baquba city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 308 women who were admitted to outpatient in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baqubah City, Diyala. Iraq during the period from January till December 2018. Urine and vaginal swabs were taken from 70 infertile women aged between 18-48 years, clinical diagnosis was done as well as laboratory through examining different microbial agents. Results: The infertility rate among women in Baquba city was 22.7%, primary infertility constitute 69.60% while secondary infertility was 30.40%. A high percentage of 65.7% were with microbial infections while 34.3% were without infection.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Vander Borght M, Wyns C. Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clin Biochem. 2018; 62:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012

Inhorn MC, Patrizio P. Infertility around the globe: new thinking on gender, reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century. Hum Reprod Update. 2015; 21 (4):411–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv016

Masoumi SZ, Parsa P, Darvish N, Mokhtari S, Yavangi M, Roshanaei G. An epidemiologic survey on the causes of infertility in patients referred to infertility center in Fatemieh Hospital in Hamadan. Iran J Reprod Med. 2015; 13 (8):513-516. PMID: 26568755; PMCID: PMC4637117

Hart RJ. Physiological aspects of female fertility: role of the environment, modern lifestyle, and genetics. Physiol Rev. 2016; 96 (3):873–909. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2015

Yatsenko SA, Rajkovic A. Genetics of human female infertility. Biol Reprod. 2019; 101 (3): 549–566. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz084

Inhorn MC. Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt. Soc Sci Med. 2003; 56 (9): 1837–1851. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00208-3

Deshpande PS, Gupta AS. Causes and prevalence of factors causing infertility in a public health facility. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2019;12 (4): 287-293. PMCID: PMC6937760,PMID: 32038077 doi: 10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_140_18

Pai MO, Venkatesh S, Gupta P. The role of infections in infertility: A review. Int J Acad Med. 2020; 6 (3): 189-196. DOI: 10.4103/IJAM.IJAM_44_19

Ravel J, Moreno I, Simón C. Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 224 (3): 251-257 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.10.019

Verit FF, Zeyrek FY, Zebitay AG, Akyol H. Cardiovascular risk may be increased in women with unexplained infertility. Clin Exp Reprod Med. 2017; 44 (1): 28-32. PMCID: PMC5395549 PMID: 28428941, doi: 10.5653/cerm.2017.44.1.28

Lundy SR, Abney K, Ellerson D, Igietseme JU, Carroll D, Eko FO,. Omosun, Y.O. MiR-378b Modulates Chlamydia-Induced Upper Genital Tract Pathology. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (5): 566-576. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050566

Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: an update. Indian J Med Res. 2013; 138 (3): 303-316. PMCID: PMC3818592 PMID: 24135174

Hoenderboom BM, van Oeffelen AAM, van Benthem BHB, et al. The Netherlands Chlamydia cohort study (NECCST) protocol to assess the risk of late complications following Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women. BMC Infect Dis. 2017; 17 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2376-y

Merdaw MAZ, Kadhim HS, Abd al Sattar Alriyahee F, Al-Bashier NMT, Al-Taie LH. Genetic variation of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from Iraqi Women: Association with fertility and cervical abnormalities. JUBPAS. 2018; 26 (7): 321–338. https://journalofbabylon.com/index.php/JUBPAS/article/view/1509

Vander H, Prabha V. Evaluation of fertility outcome as a consequence of intravaginal inoculation with sperm-impairing micro-organisms in a mouse model. J Med Microbiol. 2015; 64 (4): 344–347. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000036

Pellati D, Mylonakis I, Bertoloni G, Fiore C, Andrisani A, Ambrosini G., Armanini,D. Genital tract infections and infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008; 140 (1): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.03.009

Abdulrazaq AF, Noori HM. Epidemiology of Infertility in Al-Qaim, Al-Anbar, Iraq. Ann Trop Med Public Heal. 2019; 22: 39–45. DOI:10.36295/asro.2019.22065

Ahmed AS, Othman SM. Patterns of infertility among couples attending IVF center in a maternity teaching hospital in Erbil. Zanco J Med Sci . 2016; 20 (3): 1467-1475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2016.0046

Benksim A, Elkhoudri N, Addi RA, Baali A, Cherkaoui M. Difference between primary and secondary infertility in Morocco: frequencies and associated factors. Int J Fertil Steril. 2018;12 (2): 142-146. PMCID: PMC5936612 PMID: 29707931, doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5188

Areej Abdul Jabbar Mahmood. The prevalence of primary and secondary infertility of Iraqi men and women in different governorates, during 2014-2018. Int J Med Res. 2020; 5 (2): 83–90.

Beyhan YE. A systematic review of Trichomonas vaginalis in Turkey from 2002 to 2020. Acta Trop. 2021; 221 (105995): 1-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105995

Kazemijaliseh H, Tehrani FR, Behboudi-Gandevani S, Hosseinpanah F, Khalili D, Azizi F. The prevalence and causes of primary infertility in Iran: a population-based study. Glob J Health Sci. 2015; 7 (6): 226-232. PMCID: PMC4803880 PMID: 26153187, doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n6p226

Al-Ardi MH. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Trichomonas vaginalis among couples in Al-Hamza city-Iraq. 2021; 13 (10): 35-44

Al-Marsomy HD, Hassan FA. Study the Role of Trichomoniasis in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Failure. Med Leg Update. 2020; 20 (1) :700–705.

Kaya OA. Investigation of the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis in infertile Turkish women. Asian Biomed. 2015; 9 (5): 659-663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0905.437

Rajabpour M, Emamie AD, Pourmand MR, Goodarzi NN, Asbagh FA, Whiley DM. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis among women with genitourinary infection and pregnancy-related complications in Tehran: A cross-sectional study. Int J STD AIDS. 2020; 31 (8): 773–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462420922462

Ibrahim Ss, Ismail Mam, Elaskary Hm, Khalil Em, Khalil D, Raafat A. Potential Role of Trichomonas vaginalis in women with primary and secondary infertility in Beni-Suef, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2021; 51 (1): 119–126. https://jesp.journals.ekb.eg/article_165951_dd9a26bbd749ecfaf0a3e483712c0f35.pdf

Wiringa AE, Ness RB, Darville T, Beigi RH, Haggerty CL. Trichomonas vaginalis, endometritis, and sequelae among women with clinically suspected pelvic inflammatory disease. Sex Transm Infect. 2020; 96 (6): 436–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054079

Chayachinda C, Rekhawasin T. Reproductive outcomes of patients being hospitalized with pelvic inflammatory disease. J Obstet Gynaecol (Lahore) 2017; 37 (2): 228-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2016.1234439

Benchimol M, de Andrade Rosa I, da Silva Fontes R, Dias ÂJB. Trichomonas vaginalis adhere and phagocytose sperm cells: adhesion seems to be a prominent stage during the interaction. Parasitol Res. 2008; 102 (4): 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0793-3

Zaidan A, Imran K. The Prevalence of Candidaspp. Associated with Primary and Secondary Infertility. Prevalence. 2016; 4 (4): 234-241.

Ghajari A, Lotfali E, Ahmadi NA, Nazer Fassihi P, Shahmohammadi N, Ansari S, Norouzi, M., Arab-Mazar, Z. Isolation of different species of Candida in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis from Damavand, Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2018; 13 (6): e59291 DOI: 10.5812/archcid.59291

Ankana Chakraborty , B. A. Dalal , S. R. Shah CSD and KKL. Screening of infertile females for vaginal candidiasis. Int J Adv Res. 2017; 5 (3): 1509-1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/3659

Atiyah SAA, Jawad ES, Ali TH, Hafedh AAH, Kamel YA. The frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis colonization among infertile women in Al-Nasiriyah city–south of Iraq. The University of Thi-Qar Journal. 2019; 14 (1): 1-9. https://www.jutq.utq.edu.iq/index.php/main/article/view/172

Mohammed IH, Al-Awadei SJ, Saadedin SMK. Molecular diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in infertile Iraqi women using Real time-PCR and comparison with other methods. Iraqi J Sci. 2017; 58: 1437-1446. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/5816

Sahi AAH, Mohammed KAS. Comparison of immunological and molecular methods for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis among infertile women in Basra, Iraq. Ann Trop Med Public Heal. 2020; 23: 232-237. http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2020.232237

Sirmatel F, Sahin N, Sirmatel O, Telli E, Kececi S. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen positivity in women in risk groups and its relationship with the use of antibiotics. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005; 58 (1): 41-43. https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/58/41.pdf

Alfarraj DA, Smiley AM, Alssum RM, Abotalib ZM, El-Sayed AA, Al-Mandel HH. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among Saudi women attending the infertility clinic in Central Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2015; 36 (1): 61-66. PMCID: PMC4362201 PMID: 25630006 doi: 10.15537/smj.2015.1.9967

Rashidi BH, Chamani-Tabriz L, Haghollahi F, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Naghizadeh MM, Shariat M, Akhondi, MM, Bagheri, R, Asgari, S, and Wylie, K. Effects of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on fertility; a case-control study. J Reprod Infertil. 2013; 14 (2): 67-72. PMCID: PMC3719322 PMID: 23926567

Steiner AZ, Diamond MP, Legro RS, Schlaff WD, Barnhart KT, Casson PR, Gregory M., Christman MD, Ruben AMD, Karl RH, William MG, Tracey, T, Nanette, S, Heping, Z, Esther, E. Chlamydia trachomatis immunoglobulin G3 seropositivity is a predictor of reproductive outcomes in infertile women with patent fallopian tubes. Fertil Steril. 2015; 104 (6): 1522–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.022

Linhares IM, Witkin SS. Immunopathogenic consequences of Chlamydia trachomatis 60 kDa heat shock protein expression in the female reproductive tract. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2010; 15 (5): 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-010-0171-4

Moragianni D, Dryllis G, Andromidas P, Kapeta-Korkouli R, Kouskouni E, Pessach I, et al. Genital tract infection and associated factors affect the reproductive outcome in fertile females and females undergoing in vitro fertilization. Biomed Rep. 2019;10(4):231–237. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2019.1194

Katole A, Saoji A V. Prevalence of primary infertility and its associated risk factors in urban population of central India: A community-based cross-sectional study. Indian J community Med Off Publ Indian Assoc Prev Soc Med. 2019;44(4):337-341. PMCID: PMC6881900 PMID: 31802796 doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_7_19

Sukatendel K, Mayniar TE, Aboet A, Adela CA, Lumbanraja S, Ichsan TM, et al. Relationship between Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection with Patency Tubal and Non-Patency Tubal Occurrence in Infertile Women. Open access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(20): 3437–3442. PMCID: PMC6980829, PMID: 32002069, doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.440

Tao X, Ge S, Chen L, Cai L, Hwang M, Wang C. Relationships between female infertility and female genital infections and pelvic inflammatory disease: a population-based nested controlled study. Clinics. 2018;73. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2018/e364

Hawel NH, Alasadiy YDK. Immunological Diagnosis for Trichomonasis in Women in Al-Muthanna Province. MJPS. 2018;5(1):1-9

Al-Hamzawi SA, Al-Awsi GRL. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and its correlation with socio-demographic variables in pregnant women in Al-Diwaniya, Iraq. Mater Today Proc. 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.399

Cheong HC, Yap PSX, Chong CW, Cheok YY, Lee CYQ, Tan GMY, et al. Diversity of endocervical microbiota associated with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and infertility among women visiting obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Malaysia. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0224658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224658

Alim A, Çetin A, Yıldız Ç. Evaluation of vaginal flora and antibiogram analysis in reproductive-age women with or without vaginitis in primary care settings. 2009:116-121 http://cmj.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/4209/55678

Johnston VJ, Mabey DC. Global epidemiology and control of Trichomonas vaginalis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21(1):56–64. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999

Sethowa JT. Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial co-infections identified in reproductive age women. Master thesis, University of Pretoria; health scienc, department of medical microbiology 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61667

Published

28-03-2022

How to Cite

Salman, S. T., Khalaf, S. K., & Hussain, A. A. (2022). Infertility rate and relationship between infertility status and microbial infections among women in Baquba City. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 1175–1186. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.5154

Issue

Section

Peer Review Articles