Blood lead levels and risk factors among adolescents in Karbala Province
Keywords:
lead, blood BLLs, adolescents, graphite furnace, atomic absorption spectrophotometryAbstract
Karbala provides theoretical assistance for lead pollution prevention by determining blood levels and identifying relevant risk factors among adolescents. Blood lead levels determine by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorb piton Spectrometry (GFAAS) result. Methods blood samples were taken from both males and females. A total of 100 subjects (average age of 13-17 years, 8 females, and 92 males) were included. The arithmetic means, sample characteristics between two levels of lead concentrations (Less than 100µg/L lead concentration and more or equal 100µg/L lead concentration were patients their number 50 and control also 50 Mean ± SE 49.36 ± 6.61 patients mean ± SE 184.18 ± 6.61 control. Education, His relationship with his parents, Living, Smoking. (T= 7.79**, 4.39**, 4.30**, 4.87**, resp.), while Samples Patients and control (T=18.86**).Conclusions. The levels of lead in the blood of adolescents 13 to 17 years in Karbala governorate were higher than in other areas due to leaving schools and working in different professions at an early age and living in unhealthy families.
Downloads
References
Carrel, M., Zahrieh, D., Young, S. G., Olson, J., Rickman, K. K., Wels, B., & Suflas, A. (2017). High prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in rural and urban Iowa newborns: Spatial patterns and area-level covariates. Plops One, 12(5), e0177930.
Gabriel, H. A., Tesserae, D. A., & Amble, A. (2014). Elevated blood lead levels among unskilled construction workers in Jimi, Ethiopia. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 9(1), 1-10.
Yang, Y., & Rained, A. (2009). Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174(2), 81-88.
Olympia, K. P. K., Conclaves, C., Gunther, W. M. R., & Bokhara, E. J. H. (2009). Neurotoxicity and aggressiveness triggered by low-level lead in children: a review. Revisit Pan Americana de Salad Publican, 26, 266-275.
La-Lave-León, O., Pacheco, J. M. S., Martinez, S. E., Rodríguez, E. E., Juarez, F. X. C., Carrillo, A. S., ... & Substrata, J. D. (2016). The relationship between blood lead levels and occupational exposure in a pregnant population. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-9
Fadrowski, J. J., Navas-Acien, A., Tellez-Plaza, M., Gellar, E., Weaver, V. M., & Furth, S. L. (2010). Blood lead level and kidney function in US adolescents: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of internal medicine, 170(1), 75-82.
Herrera-Moreno, J. F., Estrada-Gutierrez, G., Wu, H., Bloom Quist, T. R., Rosa, M. J., Just, A. C., & Barcarolle, A. A. (2022). Prenatal lead exposure, telomere length in cord blood, and DNA methylation age in the PROGRESS prenatal cohort. Environmental Research, 205, 112577.
Carrel, M., Zachariah, D., Young, S. G., Olson, J., Rickman, K. K., Wels, B., & Suflas, A. (2017). High prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in rural and urban Iowa newborns: Spatial patterns and area-level covariates. Plops One, 12(5), e0177930.
Ago, Z., Cao, J., Yan, J., Wang, J., Cain, S., & Yan, C. (2017). Blood lead levels and risk factors among preschool children in a lead polluted area in Taizhou, China. Biomed research international, 2017.
Stewart, T. (2021). An Assessment of Risk Factors and Government Policy Intervention on Childhood Lead Poisoning in the United.
Castellans, M. J., & Fuentes, A. (2016). The adverse effects of heavy metals with and without noise exposure on the human peripheral and central auditory system: a literature review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(12), 1223.
Handler, P., & Brabander, D. (2012). Increased incidence and altered risk demographics of childhood lead poisoning: predicting the impacts of the CDC’s 5 µg/d L reference value in Massachusetts (USA). International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(11), 3934-3942.
Yan, C. H., Xu, J., & Shen, X. M. (2013). Childhood lead poisoning in China: challenges and opportunities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(10), A294-A295.
Baker, J. A., Ines, H. A., & Maugham, S. A. (2016). Determination of Strontium in Human Teeth and Fingernails of Healthy and Carious Patients Resident in Karbala, Iraq, ICP-OES. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 28(10), 2211-2216.
P. J. Parsons et al., “Analytical Procedures for Determining Lead in Blood and Urine,” Approv. Guidel. NCCLS Doc. C40-A, pp. 11898–19087, 2001
A. Chua, Modesto, Parrenas, Kieruif, “Derict Determination of Pb in Whoie Blood by Graphite Furnace Atomic absorption Spectrophotometry,” SHIMADZU, 2016
Krieger, N. (2011). Epidemiology and the people's health: theory and context. Oxford University Press.
Wong, T. M., Loeber, R., Slotboom, A. M., Bijleveld, C. C., Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S. D., & Koot, H. M. (2013). Sex and age differences in the risk threshold for delinquency. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 41(4), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9695-7
Cao, J., Li, M., Wang, Y., Yu, G., & Yan, C. (2014). Environmental lead exposure among preschool children in Shanghai, China: blood lead levels and risk factors. PloS one, 9(12), e113297.
Levin, R., Brown, M. J., Kashtock, M. E., Jacobs, D. E., Whelan, E. A., Rodman, J., ... & Sinks, T. (2008). Lead exposures in US children, 2008: implications for prevention. Environmental health perspectives, 116(10), 1285-1293.
Li, M. M., Cao, J., Gao, Z. Y., Shen, X. M., & Yan, C. H. (2015). The trend of lead poisoning rate in Chinese population aged 0–18 years old: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-12.
Li, M. M., Cao, J., Xu, J., Cai, S. Z., Shen, X. M., & Yan, C. H. (2014). The national trend of blood lead levels among Chinese children aged 0–18 years old, 1990–2012. Environment international, 71, 109-117.
Henneberger, A. K., Tolan, P. H., Hipwell, A. E., & Keenan, K. (2014). Delinquency in adolescent girls: Using a confluence approach to understand the influences of parents and peers. Criminal justice and behavior, 41(11), 1327-1337.
Heron, J., Maughan, B., Dick, D. M., Kendler, K. S., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., ... & Hickman, M. (2013). Conduct problem trajectories and alcohol use and misuse in mid to late adolescence. Drug and alcohol dependence, 133(1), 100-107.
Fidalgo, T. M., Sanchez, Z. M., Caetano, S. C., Maia, L. O., Carlini, E. A., & Martins, S. S. (2016). The association of psychiatric symptomatology with alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use patterns among Brazilian high school students. The American Journal on Addictions, 25(5), 416-425.
Cerdá, M., Prins, S. J., Galea, S., Howe, C. J., & Pardini, D. (2016). When psychopathology matters most: identifying sensitive periods when within‐person changes in conduct, affective and anxiety problems are associated with male adolescent substance use. Addiction, 111(5), 924-935.
Harlaar, N., Spinath, F. M., Dale, P. S., & Plomin, R. (2005). Genetic influences on early word recognition abilities and disabilities: A study of 7‐year‐old twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(4), 373-384.
Pino, P., Walter, T., Oyarzún, M. J., Burden, M. J., & Lozoff, B. (2004). The rapid drop in infant blood lead levels during the transition to unleaded gasoline use in Santiago, Chile. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal, 59(4), 182-187.
Kennedy, C., Yard, E., Dignam, T., Buchanan, S., Condon, S., Brown, M. J., ... & Breysse, P. (2016). Blood lead levels among children aged< 6 years—Flint, Michigan, 2013–2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(25), 650-654
Akkus, C., & Ozdenerol, E. (2014). Exploring childhood lead exposure through GIS: a review of the recent literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(6), 631 رؤ4-6334.
Voith, L. A., Topitzes, J., & Reynolds, A. J. (2016). Violent victimization among disadvantaged young adults exposed to early family conflict and abuse: A 24-year prospective study of the victimization cycle across gender. Violence and Victims, 31(4), 767-784.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
