Analytical study of the relationship between lifestyle and biological, mental, and social health during the corona in selected countries
Keywords:
lifestyle, biological health, mental health, social health, coronavirusAbstract
Human beings can no longer continue their former lives due to coronavirus as a new, absolutely unknown, and complex disease. Nowadays, lifestyle and related behaviors have become increasingly important, and the effect of lifestyle-related behaviors on the health of individuals and society emphasizes this importance. This study investigated the relationship between lifestyle and biological, mental, and social health during the corona in selected countries. There was a significant concern in the community in the early stages of the pandemic. Billions of people worldwide used quarantine and social distance to minimize virus transmission. Governments alone cannot relieve the situation. It is necessary to implement a joint effort of support and empathy from citizens, NGOs, public health professionals, and investors to cope with this crisis. This study discussed comparing lifestyle with biological, mental, and social health in different countries and cultures during the corona what differs this study from other studies.
Downloads
References
Gallyamova ZV, Batyukova VE, Malakhova VY, Fomenko EV. Health care system in the USSR (through the example of the Kirov region). Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research. 2019;9(4):70-5.
Algahtani FD. Healthy Lifestyle among Ha'il University Students, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences. 2020;9(1):160-7.
Hatami H and Heidari K. Comprehensive Public Health Book, Chapter One: Public Health, Tehran:Arjmand Publications, Volume One. (Persian).
Rabiei M, Heydari S,ShariatiBahadori M and Kany S. The Impact of Health Indicators on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Developed and Developing Countries, Economic Journal. 2013, Nos. 7 and 8, pp. 88-73. (Persian).
Tal A, Tavassoli E, Sharifi Rad GhR and Shojaeizadeh D. A Study of Health Promoting Lifestyle and its Relationship with Quality of Life in Undergraduate Students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Journal of Health System Research. 2011,Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 58-52. (Persian).
Majdi AA. A Survey of Youth Lifestyle (15-29 years old) Residing in Mashhad, PhD Thesis in Sociology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 2010. (Persian).
Rastegar Y and Rabbani, R. Young, Lifestyle and Consumer Culture, Journal of Cultural Engineering, Third Year. 2008, No. 23 and 24, pp. 53-44. (Persian).
Azam R, Danish M, Akbar S. Consumption Style among Yong Adults toward Their Shopping Behavior: An Empirical Study in Pakistan, Business and Management Research. 2012, Vol. 1, P. 109-116.
BaraouiKh, Lebrun AM and Bouchet P. Clothing Style, Music, and Media Influences on Adolescents Brand Consumption Behavior, Psychology and Marketing. 2012, Vol.29 (8), P. 568-582.
Dominic D. A Sociological analysis of lifestyle changes and consumption patterns of Migrant Professionals at Doha, IOSR Journal of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS). 2014, Vol. 19, P. 19-24.
Haming O, Gutzwiller F and Kawachi I. The contribution of lifestyle and work factors to social inequalities in self-rated health among the employed population in Switzerland, social science & medicine. 2014, Vol.121, P. 74-84.
Maycroft N. Caltural consumption and the myth of lifestyle, Capital & Class. 2016, Vol. 84, P. 61-75.16.
Veal A. The Concept of Lifestyle: A Review, ResearchGate, Article in Leisure Studies, October 1993, Retrieved on: 17 June 2016.
Naqibi F, Golmakani N,Esmaili HA and Moharrari F. Assessing the Relationship between Lifestyle and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Girls in Mashhad High School in 2012-2012, Iranian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2013, Vol. 16, No. 61, pp. 19-9. (Persian).
Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psych Res. 2020; 287:112921.
Alizadeh Fard S, Saffarinia M. [Predicting mental health based on anxiety and social correlation due to coronary heart disease (Persian)]. Soc Psychol Res. 2020; 9(36):129-41.
Najjar Nasab S, Dasht-e Bozorgi Z. [The effect of motivational interviews on lifestyle enhancing the health and blood pressure of women with eating disorder (Persian)]. J Health Psychol. 2019; 8(31):103-18.
Mohammadi Zaidi I, Pakpour Haji Agha A, Mohammadi Zaidi B. [The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Questionnaire (Persian)]. J Mazand Univ Med Sci. 2012; 22(Supple 1):103-13.
Fadaei M. [The relationship between lifestyle and the meaning of life in Alfred Adler’s thought (Persian)]. J Res Bull Lifestyle. 2016; 2(3):65-76.
Ghanbari Sartang A, Dehghan H, Abbaspour Darbandi A. [A review of health promotion lifestyle comparisons in shift and non-shift nurses (Persian)]. Iran J Nurs Res. 2015; 2(2):32-8.
Walker SN, Hill-Polerecky DM. Psychometric evaluation of Health Promoting Lifestyle Profil II. Unpublished manuscript, University of Nebraska Medical Center; 1996.
SayedNozadi M. Comprehensive Public Health Book, Chapter Two: Health and Disease, Tehran: Arjmand Publications, Volume I, 2006. (Persian).
SeyedNozadi, M. General and Principles of Epidemiology, Tehran: Waqefi Publications, 2001. (Persian).
Karimi Y, Social Psychology, Tehran: Arasbaran Publication, 2008. (Persian).
Khatami SarviKh. A Comparative Study of Health-Based Lifestyle of Yazd University and Yazd University Students, MA Thesis, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, 2014. (Persian).
Sheybani S, Sociological study of the relationship between lifestyle and health with emphasis on social factors affecting health in Kerman citizens, MSc thesis, Department of Sociology, ShahidBahonar University of Kerman, 2014. (Persian).
M. Shokoohi, M. Osooli, S. Stranges, "COVID-19 Pandemic: What Can the West Learn From the east?", International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 9 (2020) 436–438.
P. Pasquariell, S. Stranges, "Excess mortality from COVID-19: a commentary on the Italian experience", International Journal of Public Health, 65 (2020) 529–531.
M. Lindstrom , "The COVID-19 pandemic and the Swedish strategy: Epidemiology and postmodernism", SSM-Population Health, 11 (2020) 100643.
J. F. Ludvigsson, "The first eight months of Sweden’s COVID-19 strategy and the key actions and actors that were involved", Acta Paediatrica, 00 (2020), 1–13.
Holmes, E.A., O’Connor, R.C., Perry, V.H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., Ford, T., John, A., Kabir, T., King, K., Madan, I., Michie, S., Przybylski, A.K., Shafran, R., Sweeney, A., Worthman, C.M., Yardley, L., Cowan, K., Cope, C., Hotopf, M., Bullmore, E., (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20) 30168-1.
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Rubin, G.J., (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20) 30460-8.
Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., Di, G., (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. An N=18147 web-based survey. medRxiv 2020.04.09.20057802. 10.1101/2020.04.09.20057802.
James Rubin, G., Wessely, S., (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., Zheng, J., (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 287, 112934 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
Paulino, M., Dumas-Diniz, R., Brissos, S., Brites, R., Alho, L., Sim˜oes, M.R., Silva, C.F., (2020). COVID-19 in Portugal: exploring the immediate psychological impact on the general population. Psychol. Heal. Med. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13548506.2020.1808236.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R.S., Choo, F.N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V.K., Ho, C., (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain. Behav. Immun. 87, 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028.
Ferreira dos Santos, C., Pic´o-P´erez, M., Morgado, P., (2020). COVID-19 and mental health—what do we know so far? Front. Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyt.2020.565698.
Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R., Morouço, P., Rebelo- Gonçalves, R., (2020). Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124360.
Moreira, P.S., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Machado-Sousa, M., Fern´andez, M., Raposo- Lima, C., Sousa, N., Pic´o-P´erez, M., Morgado, P., (2021). Protective elements of mental health status during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Portuguese population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041910.
Zhou, Y., Macgeorge, E.L., Myrick, J.G., (2020). Mental health and its predictors during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic experience in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176315.
Pico-Perez, M., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Raposo-Lima, C., Machado-Sousa, M., Morgado, P., (2021). Sociodemographic and lifestyle predictors of mental health adaptability during COVID-19 compulsory confinement: A longitudinal study in the Portuguese population. Journal of Affective Disorders 295 (2021) 797–803.
Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M.C., L´epine, J.P., (2004). The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project: an epidemiological basis for informing mental health policies in Europe. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00325.x. Suppl.
Salfi, F., Lauriola, M., Amicucci, G., Corigliano, D., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., (2020). Gender-related time course of sleep disturbances and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown: a longitudinal study on the Italian population. Neurobiol. Stress, 100259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100259.
Zhang, S.X., Wang, Y., Rauch, A., Wei, F., (2020). Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychiatry Res. 288, 112958 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. psychres.2020.112958.
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., Bu, F., (2021). Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Psychiatry 8, 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20) 30482-X.
Canet-Juric, L., Andr´es, M.L., del Valle, M., L´opez-Morales, H., Po´o, F., Galli, J.I., Yerro, M., Urquijo, S., (2020). A longitudinal study on the emotional impact cause by the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine on general population. Front. Psychol. 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565688.
Vindegaard, N., Benros, M.E., (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav. Immun. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048.
Chodkiewicz, J., Talarowska, M., Miniszewska, J., Nawrocka, N., Bilinski, P., (2020). Alcohol consumption reported during the COVID-19 pandemic: the initial stage. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134677.
Bor, J., Basu, S., Coutts, A., Mckee, M., Stuckler, D., (2013). Alcohol use during the great recession of 2008-2009. Alcohol Alcohol. 48, 343–348. https://doi.org/10.1093/ alcalc/agt002.
Mucci, N., Giorgi, G., Roncaioli, M., Perez, J.F., Arcangeli, G., (2016). The correlation between stress and economic crisis: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S98525.
Wardell, J.D., Kempe, T., Rapinda, K.K., Single, A., Bilevicius, E., Frohlich, J.R., Hendershot, C.S., Keough, M.T., (2020). Drinking to cope during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of external and internal factors in coping motive pathways to alcohol use, solitary drinking, and alcohol problems. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 44, 2073–2083. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14425.
Khantzian, E.J., (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. https://doi.org/ 10.3109/10673229709030550.
Merrill, J.E., Wardell, J.D., Read, J.P., (2014). Drinking motives in the prospective prediction of unique alcohol-related consequences in college students. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 75, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.93.
Stevenson, B.L., Dvorak, R.D., Kramer, M.P., Peterson, R.S., Dunn, M.E., Leary, A.V., Pinto, D., (2019). Within- and between-person associations from mood to alcohol consequences: the mediating role of enhancement and coping drinking motives. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 128, 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000472.
Hengartner, M.P., (2015). The detrimental impact of maladaptive personality on public mental health: a challenge for psychiatric practice. Front. Psychiatry 6. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00087.
Kuranova, A., Booij, S.H., de Jonge, P., Jeronimus, B., Lin, A., Wardenaar, K.J., Wichers, M., Wigman, J.T.W., (2020). Do not worry, be happy: protective factors to buffer against distress associated with psychotic experiences. Schizophr. Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.019.
Sadeq, N.A., Molinari, V., (2018). Personality and its relationship to depression and cognition in older adults: implications for practice. Clin. Gerontol. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07317115.2017.1407981.
Wilks, Z., Perkins, A.M., Cooper, A., Pliszka, B., Cleare, A.J., Young, A.H., (2020). Relationship of a big five personality questionnaire to the symptoms of affective disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 277, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.122.
Gubler, D.A., Makowski, L.M., Troche, S.J., Schlegel, K., (2020). Loneliness and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: associations with personality and emotion regulation. J. Happiness Stud. 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00326-5.
Morales-Vives, F., Due˜nas, J.M., Vigil-Colet, A., Camarero-Figuerola, M., (2020). Psychological variables related to adaptation to the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. Front. Psychol. 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565634.
Corona - Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/ HealthAwareness/EducationalContent/Corona/Pages/corona.aspx; 2020. (accessed April 11, 2020).
Custodian of the Two HolyMosques issues curfew order to limit spread of Novel Coronavirus from seven in the evening until six in the morning for 21 days starting in the evening of Monday March 23 The official Saudi Press Agency; 2020 https:// www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2050402 (accessed April 11, 2020).
Abdulmajeed A,. Alkhamees a,. Saleh, A., Alrashed, b., Ali, A., Alzunaydi, b., Ahmed, S., Almohimeed, b., Moath, S,. Aljohani. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population of Saudi Arabia. Comprehensive Psychiatry 102 (2020) 152192.
Wang C, Pan R,Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Initiatives and services introduced by Saudi Arabian government authorities to support businesses during the emerging COVID-19 pandemic | Ministry of Investment; (2020) https://www.misa.gov.sa/en/covid-19-gov-initiatives/ (accessed May 30, 2020).
Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20) 30090-0.
Situation reports; 2020https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus- 2019/situation-reports (accessed April 11, 2020).
Cheng VCC, Wong SC, Chuang VWM, So SYC, Chen JHK, Sridhar S, et al. The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2. J Infect. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jinf.2020.04.024.
Ministry of Interior Approves Revising Regulations on Limiting Gatherings, Updating Violations Classification Schedule The official Saudi Press Agency; 2020 https:// www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=2092897#2092897 (accessed May 30, 2020).
Firth, J., Solmi, M., Wootton, R.E., Vancampfort, D., Schuch, F.B., Hoare, E., Stubbs, B., 2020b. A meta-review of "lifestyle psychiatry": the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) 19 (3), 360–380. https://doi. org/10.1002/wps.20773.
Firth, J., Gangwisch, J.E., Borisini, A., Wootton, R.E., Mayer, E.A., 2020a. Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? BMJ 369, m2382. https:// doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2382.
García, S., Gorostegi-Anduaga, I., García-Corres, E., Maldonado-Martín, S., MacDowell, K.S., Bermúdez-Ampudia, C., Gonz´alez-Pinto, A., 2020. Functionality and neurocognition in patients with bipolar disorder after a physical-exercise program (FINEXT-BD study): protocol of a randomized interventionist program. Front. Psychiatry 11, 568455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568455.
Verdolini, N., Vieta, E., 2021. Resilience, prevention and positive psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 143 (4), 281–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13288.
Branchi, I., Giuliani, A., 2021. Shaping therapeutic trajectories in mental health: instructive vs. permissive causality. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 43, 1–9. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.12.001.
Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., García-Rizo, C., Hogg, B., Mezquida, G., Sol´e, B., 2021. Resilience and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 283, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.055.
Colley, R.C., Bushnik, T., Langlois, K., 2020. Exercise and screen time during the COVID- 19 pandemic. Health Rep. 31 (6), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003- x202000600001-eng.
Dal Santo, F., Gonz´alez-Blanco, L., Rodríguez-Revuelta, J., Marina Gonz´alez, P.A., Paniagua, G., García-´Alvarez, L., Bobes, J., 2021. Early impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on sleep in a large Spanish sample. Behav. Sleep Med. 1–16. https://doi. org/10.1080/15402002.2021.1890597.
Ernstsen, L., Havnen, A., 2020. Mental health and sleep disturbances in physically active adults during the COVID-19 lockdown in Norway: does change in physical activity level matter? Sleep Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.08.030.
Fu, W., Wang, C., Zou, L., Guo, Y., Lu, Z., Yan, S., Mao, J., 2020. Psychological health, sleep quality, and coping styles to stress facing the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Transl. Psychiatry 10 (1), 225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00913-3.
Li, D.J., Ko, N.Y., Chen, Y.L., Wang, P.W., Chang, Y.P., Yen, C.F., Lu, W.H., 2020. COVID- 19-related factors associated with sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts among the Taiwanese public: a Facebook survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (12), 4479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124479.
Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., Costa, S., 2020. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J. Sleep Res. 29 (4), e13074. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13074.
Batlle-Bayer, L., Aldaco, R., Bala, A., Puig, R., Laso, J., Margallo, M., Fullana-I-Palmer, P., 2020. Environmental and nutritional impacts of dietary changes in Spain during the COVID-19 lockdown. Sci. Total Environ. 748, 141410 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scitotenv.2020.141410.
Sidor, A., Rzymski, P., 2020. Dietary choices and habits during COVID-19 lockdown: experience from Poland. Nutrients 12 (6), 1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu12061657.
Rodríguez-P´erez, C., Molina-Montes, E., Verardo, V., Artacho, R., García-Villanova, B., Guerra-Hern´andez, E.J., Ruíz-L´opez, M.D., 2020. Changes in dietary behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet study. Nutrients 12 (6), 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730.
Suzuki, Y., Maeda, N., Hirado, D., Shirakawa, T., Urabe, Y., 2020. Physical activity changes and its risk factors among community-dwelling Japanese older adults during the COVID-19 epidemic: associations with subjective well-being and healthrelated quality of life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (18), E6591. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph17186591.
L´opez-Bueno, R., Calatayud, J., Ezzatvar, Y., Casajús, J.A., Smith, L., Andersen, L.L., L´opez-S´anchez, G.F., 2020. Association between current physical activity and current perceived anxiety and mood in the initial phase of COVID-19 confinement. Front. Psychiatry 11, 729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00729.
Maugeri, G., Castrogiovanni, P., Battaglia, G., Pippi, R., D’Agata, V., Palma, A., Musumeci, G., 2020. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon 6 (6), e04315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. heliyon.2020.e04315.
Meyer, J., McDowell, C., Lansing, J., Brower, C., Smith, L., Tully, M., Herring, M., 2020. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (18), E6469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186469.
Morrey, L.B., Roberts, W.O., Wichser, L., 2020. Exercise-related mental health problems and solutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 19 (6), 194–195. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000725.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Ma, X., Di, Q., 2020. Mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics and the mitigation effects of exercise: a longitudinal study of college students in china. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (10), 3722. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph17103722.
Rolland, B., Haesebaert, F., Zante, E., Benyamina, A., Haesebaert, J., Franck, N., 2020. Global changes and factors of increase in caloric/salty food intake, screen use, and substance use during the early COVID-19 containment phase in the general population in France: survey study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 6 (3), e19630. https://doi.org/10.2196/19630.
Smith, L., Jacob, L., Trott, M., Yakkundi, A., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Tully, M.A., 2020. The association between screen time and mental health during COVID-19: a cross sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 292, 113333 https://doi.org/10.1016/j. psychres.2020.113333.
Wiederhold, B.K., 2020. Children’s screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: boundaries and etiquette. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 23 (6), 359–360. https:// doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.29185.bkw.
Salfi, F., Lauriola, M., Amicucci, G., Corigliano, D., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., 2020. Gender-related time course of sleep disturbances and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown: a longitudinal study on the Italian population. Neurobiol. Stress 13, 100259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100259.
Vogel, E.A., Zhang, J.S., Peng, K., Heaney, C.A., Lu, Y., Lounsbury, D., Prochaska, J.J., 2021. Physical activity and stress management during COVID-19: a longitudinal survey study. Psychol. Health 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 08870446.2020.1869740.
Beck, F., Leger, D., Cortaredona, S., Verger, P., Peretti-Watel, P., COCONEL group., 2021. Would we recover better sleep at the end of covid-19? A relative improvement observed at the population level with the end of the lockdown in France. Sleep Med. 78, 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2020.11.029.
McCarthy, H., Potts, H.W.W., Fisher, A., 2021. Physical activity behavior before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions: longitudinal smartphone-tracking study of adults in the United Kingdom. J. Med. Internet Res. 23 (2), e23701. https://doi.org/10.2196/ 23701.
Balanz´a-Martínez, V., Kapczinski, F., de Azevedo Cardoso, T., Atienza-Carbonell, B., Rosa, A.R., Mota, J.C., De Boni, R.B., 2021. The assessment of lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic using a multidimensional scale. Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment. 14 (1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.07.003.
Van Rheenen, T.E., Meyer, D., Neill, E., Phillipou, A., Tan, E.J., Toh, W.L., Rossell, S.L., 2020. Mental health status of individuals with a mood-disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: initial results from the COLLATE project. J. Affect. Disord. 275, 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.037.
Cervera-Martínez, J., Atienza-Carbonell, B., Mota, T,. Lifestyle changes and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A repeated, cross-sectional web survey. Journal of Affective Disorders 295 (2021) 173–182.
Robinson, E., Boyland, E., Chisholm, A., Harrold, J., Maloney, N.G., Marty, L., Hardman, C.A., 2021. Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID- 19 lockdown: a study of UK adults. Appetite 156, 104853. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.appet.2020.104853.
Yu, B.Y., Yeung, W.F., Lam, J.C., Yuen, S.C., Lam, S.C., Chung, V.C., Ho, J.Y., 2020. Prevalence of sleep disturbances during COVID-19 outbreak in an urban Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Med. 74, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sleep.2020.07.009.
Gualano, M.R., Lo Moro, G., Voglino, G., Bert, F., Siliquini, R., 2020. Effects of covid-19 lockdown on mental health and sleep disturbances in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (13), 4779. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134779.
Pellegrini, M., Ponzo, V., Rosato, R., Scumaci, E., Goitre, I., Benso, A., Bo, S., 2020. Changes in weight and nutritional habits in adults with obesity during the "lockdown" period caused by the COVID-19 virus emergency. Nutrients 12 (7), 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072016.
Geller, K., Lippke, S., Nigg, C.R., 2017. Future directions of multiple behavior change research. J. Behav. Med. 40 (1), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016- 9809-8.
Yamashita, T., Kunkel, S.R., 2015. An international comparison of the association among literacy, education, and health across the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, and Bermuda: implications for health disparities. J. Health Commun. 20 (4), 406–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.977469.
Sol´e, B., Verdolini, N., Amoretti, S., Montejo, L., Rosa, A.R., Hogg, B., Torrent, C., 2021. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Spain: comparison between community controls and patients with a psychiatric disorder. Preliminary results from the BRIS-MHC STUDY. J. Affect. Disord. 281, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jad.2020.11.099.
Bendau, A., Plag, J., Kunas, S., Wyka, S., Str¨ohle, A., Petzold, M.B., 2021. Longitudinal changes in anxiety and psychological distress, and associated risk and protective factors during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav. 11 (2), e01964. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1964.
Fullana, M.A., Hidalgo-Mazzei, D., Vieta, E., Radua, J., 2020. Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. J. Affect. Disord. 275, 80–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jad.2020.06.027.
Lu, C., Chi, X., Liang, K., Chen, S.T., Huang, L., Guo, T., Zou, L., 2020. Moving more and sitting less as healthy lifestyle behaviors are protective factors for insomnia, depression, and anxiety among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 13, 1223–1233. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S284103.
Pham, K.M., Pham, L.V., Phan, D.T., Tran, T.V., Nguyen, H.C., Nguyen, M.H., Duong, T. V., 2020. Healthy dietary intake behavior potentially modifies the negative effect of COVID-19 lockdown on depression: a hospital and health center survey. Front. Nutr. 7, 581043 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.581043.
Santab´arbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D.M., Bueno-Notivol, J., P´erez-Moreno, M., L´opez-Ant´on, R., Gracia-García, P., 2020. Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated meta-analysis of community-based studies. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 109, 110207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pnpbp.2020.110207.
Stanton, R., To, Q.G., Khalesi, S., Williams, S.L., Alley, S.J., Thwaite, T.L., Vandelanotte, C., 2020. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (11), 4065. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph17114065.
Qiu, J.; Shen, B.; Zhao, M.;Wang, Z.; Xie, B.; Xu, Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen. Psychiatry 2020.
Wilder-Smith, A.; Chiew, C.J.; Lee, V.J. Can we contain the covid-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020.
Nkengasong, J. China’s response to a novel coronavirus stands in stark contrast to the 2002 sars outbreak response. Nat. Med. 2020.
Zhang, Y., and Feei Ma, Z., (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2381.
Lau, J.T.; Yang, X.; Tsui, H.; Kim, J.H. Monitoring community responses to the sars epidemic in hong kong: From day 10 to day 62. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2003, 57, 864–870.
Lau, J.T.; Yang, X.; Tsui, H.Y.; Kim, J.H. Impacts of sars on health-seeking behaviors in general population in hong kong. Prev. Med. 2005, 41, 454–462.
Lau, J.T.; Yang, X.; Tsui, H.Y.; Pang, E.;Wing, Y.K. Positive mental health-related impacts of the sars epidemic on the general public in hong kong and their associations with other negative impacts. J. Infect. 2006, 53, 114–124.
Yap, K.M. and Jiao, C., 2020. Manila enters lockdown for Month; Duterte mulls curfew. March 15. Bloomberg News. Retrieved fromhttps://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2020-03-15/manila-enters-lockdown-for-month-duterte-mulls-curfew-onvirus.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., Ho, R.C., 2020a. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17 (5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R.S., Choo, F.N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V.K., Ho, C., 2020b. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav. Immun. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028. S0889-1591(20)30511-0. Advance online publication.
Rajkumar, R.P., 2020b. COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian J. Psychiatry 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066. Advance online publication.
Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., Khaledi-Paveh, B., 2020. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob. Health 16 (1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020- 00589-w.
Ahmed, M.Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., Ahmad, A., 2020. Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J. Psychiatry, 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092.
Mamun, M.A., Griffiths, M.D., 2020. First COVID-19 suicide case in Bangladesh due to fear of COVID-19 and xenophobia: possible suicide prevention strategies. Asian J. Psychiatry 51, 102073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102073.
Mamun, M.A., Ullah, I., 2020. COVID-19 suicides in Pakistan, dying off not COVID-19 fear but poverty? - The forthcoming economic challenges for a developing country. Brain Behav. Immun. 87, 163–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.028.
Miller, J.R., 2020. British teen dies after suicide attempt due to coronavirus fears. N. Y. Post. https://nypost.com/2020/03/25/british-teen-dies-after-suicide-attempt-dueto- coronavirus-fears/.
Rajkumar, R.P., 2020a. Suicides related to the COVID-19 outbreak in India: a pilot study of media reports. Asian J. Psychiatry 53, 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp. 2020.102196. Advance online publication.
Tee. M., Tee. C., Anlacand. J., Aligamd, J., Reyese, P., Kuruchitthamf. V., Ho. R., (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Journal of Affective Disorders 277 (2020) 379–391.
Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B.X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., Liu, Z., 2020. The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Lancet Psychiatry 7 (3), e14.
Garger, K., 2020. Illinois couple dead in murder-suicide after man feared they had coronavirus. N. Y. Post. https://nypost.com/2020/04/07/illinois-couple-dead-afterman- feared-they-had-covid-19/.
Sher, L., 2020. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM: Int. J. Med. hcaa202. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa202.
Dong, M., Zheng, J., 2020. Letter to the editor: headline stress disorder caused by Netnews during the outbreak of CoViD-19. Health Expect 23, 259–260.
Hiremath, P., Suhas Kowshik, C.S., Manjunath, M., Shettar, M., 2020. COVID 19: Impact of lock-down on mental health and tips to overcome. Asian J. Psychiatry 51, 102088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102088.
Zhang, J., Wu, W., Zhao, X., Zhang, W., 2020. Recommended psychological crisis intervention response to the 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in China: a model of West China Hospital. Precision Clinical Med. 3 (1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10. 1093/pcmedi/pbaa006.
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., Rubin, G.J., 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395, 912–920. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532534.
Li, S.; Wang, Y.; Xue, J.; Zhao, N.; Zhu, T. The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: A study on active weibo users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2032.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. COVID-19 Declaración de pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 (accessed on 22 September 2020).
Ministerio de Salud. Plan de Acción Coronavirus-COVID-19 Chile. 2020. Available online: https://www.minsal.cl/nuevocoronavirus- 2019-ncov/casos-confirmados-en-chile-covid-19/ (accessed on 22 September 2020).
Chen, P.; Mao, L.; Nassis, G.P.; Harmer, P.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Li, F. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J. Sport Health Sci. 2020, 9, 103–104.
World Health Organization. #HealthyAtHome-Physical Activity. 2021. Available online: coronavirus/healthyathome/healthyathome---physical-activity (accessed on 5 April 2021).
World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Recommended Levels of Physical Activity for Adults aged 18–64 Years. 2019. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity (accessed on 25 September 2020).
Goethals, L.; Barth, N.; Guyot, J.; Hupin, D.; Celarier, T.; Bounge, B. Impact of Home Quarantine on Physical Activity Among Older Adults Living at Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Qualitative Interview Study. JMIR Aging 2020, 3, e19007.
Mattioli, A.V.; Ballerini Puviani, M. Lifestyle at Time of COVID-19: How Could Quarantine Affect Cardiovascular Risk. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2020, 14, 240–242.
Alomari, M.A.; Khabour, O.F.; Alzoubi, K.H. Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Amid Confinement: The BKSQ-COVID- 19 Project. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2020, 13, 1757–1764.
Blom, V.; Lönn, A.; Ekblom, B.; Kallings, L.V.; Väisanen, D.; Hemmingsson, E.; Andersson, G.; Wallin, P.; Stenling, A.; Ekblom, Ö.; et al. Lifestyle Habits and Mental Health in Light of the Two COVID-19 PandemicWaves in Sweden, 2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3313.
Zachary, Z.; Brianna, F.; Brianna, L.; Garrett, P.; Jade,W.; Alyssa, D.; Mikayla, K. Self-quarantine andWeight Gain Related Risk Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2020, 14, 210–216.
Reyes-Olavarría, D.; Latorre-Román, P.Á.; Guzmán-Guzmán, I.P.; Jerez-Mayorga, D.; Caamaño-Navarrete, F.; Delgado-Floody, P. Positive and Negative Changes in Food Habits, Physical Activity Patterns, andWeight status during COVID-19 Confinement: Associated Factors in the Chilean Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5431.
Fernandez-Rio, J.; Cecchini, J.A.; Mendez-Gimenez, A.; Carriedo, A.Weight changes during the COVID-19 home confinement. Effects on psychosocial variables. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 2020, 14, 383–385.
Phillipou, A.; Meyer, D.; Neill, E.; Tan, E.J.; Toh, W.L.; Van Rheenen, T.E.; Rosell, S.L. Eating and exercise behaviors in eating disorders and the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia: Initial results from the COLLATE project. Int. J. Eat Disord. 2020, 53, 1158–1165.
Jiménez-Pavón, D.; Carbonell-Baeza, A.; Lavie, C.J. Physical exercise as therapy to fight against the mental and physical consequences of COVID-19 quarantine: Special focus in older people. Prog. Cardiovas. Dis. 2020, 63, 386–388.
Codella, R.; Chirico, A.; Lucidi, F.; La Torre, A.; Luzi, L. The immune-modulatory effects of exercise should be favorably harnessed against COVID-19. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2020, 1–4.
Mesa-Vieira, C.; Franco, O.H.; Gómez-Restrepo, C.; Abel, T. COVID-19: The forgotten priorities of the pandemic. Maturitas 2020, 136, 38–41.
Gutiérrez-Pérez, I.A.; Delgado-Floody, P.; Jerez-Mayorga, D.; Soto-García, D.; Caamaño- Navarrete, F.; Parra-Rojas, I.; Molina- Gutiérrez, N.; Guzmán-Guzmán, I.P. Lifestyle and Sociodemographic Parameters Associated with Mental and Physical Health during COVID-19 Confinement in Three Ibero-American Countries. A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5450. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105450.
Pieh, C.; Budimir, S.; Probst, T. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. J. Psychosom. Res. 2020, 136, 110186.
Solomou, I.; Constantinidou, F. Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Compliance with Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4924.
González-Ramírez, L.P.; Martínez-Arriaga, R.J.; Hernández-Gonzalez, M.A.; De la Roca-Chiapas, J.M. Psychological Distress and Signs of Post-Traumatic Stress in Response to the COVID-19 Health Emergency in a Mexican Sample. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2020, 13, 589–597.
Di Sebastiano, K.M.; Chulak-Bozzer, T.; Vanderloo, L.M.; Faulkner, G. Don’t Walk So Close to Me: Physical Distancing and Adult Physical Activity in Canada. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1895.
Slimani, M.; Paravlic, A.; Mbarek, F.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Tod, D. The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Quality of Life During the Confinement Induced by COVID-19 Outbreak: A Pilot Study in Tunisia. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1882.
Wang, X.; Lei, S.M.; Le, S.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Yao, W.; Gao, Z.; Cheng, S. Bidirectional Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns on Health Behaviors and Quality of Life among Chinese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5575.
López-Bueno, R.; Calatayud, J.; Ezzatvar, Y.; Casajús, J.A.; Smith, L.; Andersen, L.L.; López-Sánchez, G.F. Association Between Current Physical Activity and Current Perceived Anxiety and Mood in the Initial Phase of COVID-19 Confinement. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 729.
Ammar, A.; Brach, M.; Trabelsi, K.; Chtourou, H.; Boukhris, O.; Masmoudi, L.; Bouaziz, B.; Bentlage, E.; How, D.; Ahmed, M.; et al. Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1583.
Mc Dowell, C.P.; Carlin, A.; Capranica, L.; Dillon, C.; Harrington, J.M.; Lakerveld, J.; Loyen, A.; Ling, F.C.M.; Brug, J.; MacDonncha, C.; et al. Associations of self-reported physical activity and anxiety symptoms and status among 7,874 Irish adults across harmonised datasets: A DEDIPAC-study. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 365.
Duncan, G.E.; Avery, A.R.; Seto, E.; Tsang, S. Perceived change in physical activity levels and mental health during COVID-19: Findings among adult twin pairs. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0237695.
Meyer, J.; McDowell, C.; Lansing, J.; Brower, C.; Smith, L.; Tully, M.; Herring, M. Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Response to COVID-19 and Their Associations with Mental Health in 3052 US Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6469.
Maugeri, G.; Castrogiovanni, P.; Battaglia, G.; Pippi, R.; D’Agata, V.; Palma, A.; Di Rosa, M.; Musumeci, G. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during Covid-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon 2020, 6, e04315.
Di Stefano, V.; Battaglia, G.; Giustino, V.; Gagliardo, A.; D’Aleo, M.; Giannini, O.; Palma, A.; Brighina, F. Significant reduction of physical activity in patients with neuromuscular disease during COVID-19 pandemic: The long-term consequences of quarantine. J. Neurol. 2020, 268, 20–26.
Peçanha, T.; Goessler, K.F.; Roschel, H.; Gualano, B. Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase physical inactivity and the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 2020, 318, H1441–H1446.
Lanuza, F.; Morales, G.; Hidalgo-Rasmussen, C.; Balboa-Castillo, T.; Ortiz, M.S.; Belmar, C.; Muñoz, S. Association between eating habits and quality of life among Chilean university students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2020, 1–7.
López-Olivares, M.; Mohatar-Barba, M.; Fernández-Gómez, E.; Enrique-Mirón, C. Mediterranean Diet and the Emotional Well-Being of Students of the Campus of Melilla (University of Granada). Nutrients 2020, 12, 1826.
Papandreou, C.; Arija, V.; Aretouli, E.; Tsilidis, K.K.; Bulló, M. Comparing eating behaviours, and symptoms of depression and anxiety between Spain and Greece during the COVID-19 outbreak: Cross-sectional analysis of two different confinement strategies. Eur. Eat Disord. Rev. 2020, 28, 836–846.
Ingram, J.; Maciejewski, G.; Hand, C.J. Changes in Diet, Sleep, and Physical Activity Are Associated With Differences in Negative Mood During COVID-19 Lockdown. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 588604.
Moreno-Agostino, D.; Caballero, F.F.; Martín-María, N.; Tyrovolas, S.; López-García, P.; Rodríguez-Artalejo, F.; Haro, J.M.; Ayuso-Mateos, J.L.; Miret, M. Mediterranean diet and wellbeing: Evidence from a nationwide survey. Psychol. Health 2019, 34, 321–335.
Hu, Z.; Lin, X.; Chiwanda Kaminga, A.; Xu, H. Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Association With SubjectiveWell-Being Among the General Population in Mainland China: Cross-Sectional Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e21176.
López-Sánchez, G.F.; López-Bueno, R.; Gil-Salmerón, A.; Zauder, R.; Skalska, M.; Jastrz˛ebski, Z.; Schuch, F.B.; Grabovac, I.; Tully, M.A.; Smith, L. Comparison of physical activity levels in Spanish adults with chronic conditions before and during COVID-19 quarantine. Eur. J. Public Health 2020, 31, 161–166.
Ðogaš, Z.; Luši´c-Kalcina, L.; Pavlinac-Dodig, I.; Demirovi´c, S.; Madirazza, K.; Vali´c, M.; Pecoti´c, R. The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on lifestyle and mood in Croatian general population: A cross-sectional study. Croat. Med. J. 2020, 61, 309–318.
Abbas, H.M.; Nassir, K.F.; Al Khames Aga, Q.A.; Al-Gharawi, A.A.; Rasheed, J.I.; Al-Obaidy, M.W.; Al Jubouri, A.M.; Jaber, A.S.; Al Khames Aga, L.A. Presenting characteristics, smoking versus diabetes and outcome among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 93, 1556–1567.
Kassegn A, Endris E. Review on socio-economic impacts of 'Triple Threats' of COVID-19, desert locus ts, and floods in Eas t Africa: Evidence fromEthiopia. Cogent Social Sciences. 2021; 7(1): 1885122.
Sun C, Zhai Z. The efficacy of social dis tance and ventilation effectiveness in preventing COVID-19 transmission. Sus tainable cities and society. 2020;62:102390.
Ashcroft P, Lehtinen S, Angs t DC, Low N, Bonhoeffer S. Quantifying the impact of quarantine duration on COVID-19 transmission. Elife. 2021; 10: e63704.
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020; 91(1): 157.
Di Fusco M, Shea KM, Lin J, Nguyen JL, Angulo FJ, Benigno M, et al. Health outcomes and economic burden of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States. Journal of Medical Economics. 2021; 24(1): 308-17.
Jin H, Wang H, Li X, Zheng W, Ye S, Zhang S, et al. Economic burden of COVID-19, China, January- March, 2020: a cos t-of-illness s tudy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2021; 99(2): 112.
Darab MG, Keshavarz K, Sadeghi E, Shahmohamadi J, Kavosi Z. The economic burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): evidence from Iran. BMC Health Services Research. 2021; 21(1): 1-7.
Kolivand P H, Kazemi H. The Effects of COVID-19 on Mental Health, Socio-Economic Issues, and Social Interactions in Tehran: A Pilot Study. Shefaye Khatam. 2021; 9 (2) :100-110.
Van Lancker W, Parolin Z. COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: a social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5(5): e243-e4.
Patel J, Nielsen F, Badiani A, Assi S, Unadkat V, Patel B, et al. Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable. Public health. 2020; 183: 110.
Zhang Y, Diao X, Chen KZ, Robinson S, Fan S. Impact of COVID-19 on China's macroeconomy and agri-food sys tem-an economy-wide multiplier model analysis. China Agricultural Economic Review. 2020.
Devi S. Travel res trictions hampering COVID-19 response. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10233): 1331-2.
Weed M. The role of the interface of sport and tourism in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Taylor & Francis; 2020.
Cluver L, Lachman JM, Sherr L, Wessels I, Krug E, Rakotomalala S, et al. Parenting in a time of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10231).
Gerard F, Imbert C, Orkin K. Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: options for developing countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 2020; 36(Supplement_1): S281-S96.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
