Women's political rights through affirmative action: Their implementation in the legislative seat and subsequent expansion in the judicial headquarters

Rogelio Lopez Sanchez; Gaston Julian Enriquez Fuentes

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6nS1.8728

Authors

Rogelio Lopez Sanchez Research Professor, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mexico
Gaston Julian Enriquez Fuentes Research Professor, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mexico

Keywords:

affirmative, judicial headquarters, Women's political rights

Abstract

In the Mexican State, affirmative actions in electoral matters are generated legislatively, as well as in administrative and judicial headquarters. This last function makes mexican electoral tribunals the only judicial institutions in the world that issue affirmative actions in favor of gender parity. Since the first judicial criteria almost 10 years ago, its evolution has been strengthened, to such an extent as to allow its implementation, even when the electoral processes are in development, as well as the alteration of closed lists, after the democratic elections.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

FIGUERUELO BURRIEZA, Ángela, "El discurso jurídico: la mujer en la Constitución Española", in: FIGUERUELO, A., LÓPEZ DE LA VIEJA, T., and. ly. (Eds.), Women in the European Constitution. Multidisciplinary gender studies, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Centro de Estudios de la Mujer, Salamanca, 2005, pp. 15-32.

KING MARTINEZ, Fernando, The fundamental right not to be discriminated against on the basis of sex, McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España, Madrid, 1995; PÉREZ LUÑO, Antonio Enrique, Dimensions of equality, Dykinson, Instituto de Derechos Humanos Bartolomé de las Casas-Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, 2005, p. 38.

IGLESIAS BÁREZ, Mercedes, Organizational structure and Fundamental Rights in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2ª. Revised Ed., Salamanca, 2011, p. 165.

BALAGUER, M. Luisa, Women and Constitution. The legal construction of gender, Cátedra, Madrid, 2005, p. 89.

LUCAS VERDÚ, P., Political Law Course, Vol. IV, Tecnos, Madrid, 1984, p. 340.

SILVA ROSALES, Patricia, "El género en la sociedad" en AA.VV. Gender Perspective, (Julia del Carmen Chavez Cerapia coord.), Plaza and Valdez-ENTS-UNAM, Mexico, 2004, pp. 17-19; LIPS, Hilary M., Gender the basics, Routledge, Nueva York, 2014, p. 2; TANNEN, Deborah, Gender and Discourse, Oxford University Press, Nueva York, 1996, p. 22; MONRO, Sun, Gender Politics, Pluto Press, London, 2005, p. 10;

MARTÍN VIDA, María Ángeles, Rationale and constitutional limits of positive action measures, (prologue by Gregorio Cámara Villar), Civitas, Madrid, 2003, p. 35.

Recently, the report can be consulted in the Report generated by the European Parliament that shows the evolution that the application of gender quotas has had in seven countries of that continent: Germany, Belgium, Slovenia, Spain, France, The United Kingdom and Sweden. European Parliament Electoral systems of gender quotas and their application in Europe, European Parliament-IDEA-Stockholm University, Brussels, 2008. Likewise for Latin America, can read: RASKE, N. y M. MOLINEUX (Coords.), Gender and the politics of rights and democracy in Latin America, Palgrave, London, 2002. KARAM, A. (Ed.), Women in Parliament: Beyond numbers, IDEA, Stockholm, 1998. VAZQUEZ, Silva, (Comp), Public men, public women, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Buenos Aires, 2002. ARAÚJO, Clara, "Quotas for women in the Brazilian legislative system"; GARCÍA QUESADA, Ana Isabel "Concretizing the mandate: legal reform in Costa Rica"; PESCHARD, Jacqueline, "The implementation of quotas in Mexico"; COSTA BENAVIDES, Jimena, "Participación política de las mujeres en Bolivia: progresos y obstáculos", all in: VV. AA. The application of quotas: Latin American experiences, IDEA, Lima, 2004.

At this point, the Mexican case is of special relevance, since it is the only one of the countries that has a constitutional jurisdiction specialized in electoral matters, whose constitutional control is carried out by a specialized body as will be detailed later. In this regard: GILAS, Karolina, Quotas are not enough. Gender quotas and other affirmative actions, TEPJF-CCJ, Mexico, 2014; ARAGÓN CASTRO, Laura Lizette, Scope and limits of affirmative action in favour of women in electoral bodies, TEPJF, Mexico, 2011. TEPJF, Egalitarian democracy. Jurisprudential criteria for gender equity and inclusion of indigenous communities, TEPJF, Mexico, 2014. For a critical view of gender quotas in Mexico: IGLESIAS VILA, Marisa, "La acción positiva en la forma de cuotases rigides: some reflections on the Coahuila and Veracruz cases", pp. 361-371; and AGUILAR RIVERA, José Antonio, "Equidad de género y participación política: el sistema de cuotas en México" pp. 373-401, both in: RÍOS VEGA, L. E. (Coord.), Electoral topics a judicial dialogue between America and Europe, Center for Political and Constitutional Studies, Madrid, 2011. KING MARTINEZ, Fernando, Fees 2.0. A new approach to gender electoral quotas, TEPJF-CCJ, 2013; by the same author: Gender discrimination and the electoral system in Europe and Spain, TEPJF, Mexico, 2008.

GIMÉNEZ GLUCK, David, A controversial manifestation of the principle of equality: positive actions moderate and reverse discrimination measures, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 1999, p. 57.

ROSENFELD, Michel, "Equality and Affirmative Action for Women in the U.S. Constitution," in VV. AA. Women and the Constitution in Spain, op. cit., pp. 83-102.

GARCIA MORILLO, J., Constitutional Law CourseIn. I, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 1997, p. 171.

KING MARTINEZ, F., The fundamental right not to be discriminated against on the basis of sex..., on. Cit., p. 100; RUIZ MIGUEL, Alfonso, Equality as differentiation, and VV. AA. Rights of minorities and differentiated groups, Escuela Libre Editorial, Madrid, 1994, pp. 283-295; From the same author: "Reverse discrimination and the case Kalanke”, Doxa: Notebooks of philosophy of law, No. 19, 1996, pp. 123-140;

BALAGUER CALLEJÓN, María Luisa, Women and the Constitution: the legal construction of gender, Cátedra, Madrid, 2005, p. 110; "The equal rights of women in the Spanish legal system" in Information bulletin and legal analysis, No. 1, 1999, page 1. 3-6; "Transversality as an element of positive equalization", in BALAGUER CALLEJÓN, María Luisa (Coord.), XXV Anniversary of the Spanish Constitution: proposals for reforms, Diputación de Málaga, Centro de Ediciones de la Diputación de Málaga, Málaga, 2004, pp. 389-410.

BALAGUER CALLEJÓN, María Luisa, Women and Constitution... op. cit. p. 113.

ROSENFELD, Michel, "Equality and affirmative action...", on. Cit...

CARMONA CUENCA, Encarna, "La prohibición de non-discrimination. New contents (art. 14 ECHR and Protocol 12)", in GARCÍA ROCA, Javier and SANTOLAYA, Pablo (Coords.) The Europe of Rights (The European Convention on Human Rights), Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 3rd ed., Madrid, 2014, pp. 587-612.

DE OTTO Y PARDO, Ignacio, "Derecho Constitucional. Font system" in Complete Works (Editing and presentation by Ramón Punset Blanco, Francisco J Bastida Freijedo and Joaquín Varela Suanzes-Carpegna) (Coord. Ignacio Fernández Sarasola), Universidad de Oviedo, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, Oviedo, 2010, pp. 869-871.

This happened in the local elections in the State of Coahuila de Zaragoza where the elected deputies were removed after the elections by modifying the closed lists of some Political Parties. In this regard, see the appeals for reconsideration: SUP-REC-936/2014 to SUP-REC-946/2014, and SUP-REC-953/2014.

In the State of Tabasco, it was ordered once the electoral campaigns began to replace almost 40 mayoral candidates from different political parties, arguing that the "gender parity" constitutionally enshrined at both the national and local levels, required a horizontal dimension in the integration of candidacies for municipal presidencies (parity). In this regard: appeals for reconsideration: SUP-REC-128/2015, SUP-REC-130/2015, SUP-REC-132/2015, SUP-REC-133/2015, SUP-REC-134/2015, SUP-REC-135/2015, SUP-REC-136/2015, SUP-REC-137/2015, SUP-REC-138/2015, SUP-REC-139/2015, SUP-REC-148/2015 and SUP-REC-149/2015, resolved on 8 May 2015. It should be noted that the replacement was ordered since April 26 of that same year by the Xalapa Regional Chamber, which also has powers of specific constitutional control, acting as a federal instance prior to the final resolution of electoral matters.

Jurisprudence 11/2015. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION. FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS. Gazette of Jurisprudence and Thesis in electoral matters, Electoral Tribunal of the Judicial Power of the Federation, Year 8, Number 16, 2015, pages 13, 14 and 15.

SUP-RAP-116/2020. Parity in Governorship Case, § 62.

Section 5.4.1.2.1. of Judgment SUP-RAP-121/2020.

ATIENZA, Manuel, "Sobre lo razonable en el derecho", in Spanish Journal of Constitutional Law, Year 9. No. 27. September-December 1989, pp. 93-110; Law as Argumentation. Conceptions of argumentation, Ariel, Barcelona, 2006; ALEXY, Robert, Theory of legal argumentation. The theory of rational discourse as a theory of legal foundation, (trans. by Manuel Atienza and Isabel Espejo), CEPC, Madrid, 1997. “The Reasonableness of Law” in BONGIOVANNI, Giorgio, SARTORI, Giovanni, and. ly. (Eds.) Reasonableness and law, Springer, Dordrecht, 2009, pp. 5-16. AARNIO, Aulis, The Rational as Reasonable (A Treatise on Legal Justification), Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, Madrid, 1991; FINNIS, John, "Law as Fact and as Reason for Action: A Response to Robert Alexy on Law's 'Ideal Dimension'", in American Journal of Jurisprudence, Oxford University Press, No. 59, June, 2014, pp. 85-109; BERNAL PULIDO, Carlos, "Is the weighting irrational and contrary to the democratic principle? A discussion on the theory of Fundamental Rights as principles in the context of Spain", in SIECKMANN, Jean (Ed.) The Principialist Theory of Fundamental Rights (Robert Alexy's Studies on the Theory of Fundamental Rights, Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2011, pp. 223-242.

ATIENZA, Manuel, The meaning of the law, Ariel, Barcelona, 2007, p. 264. From the same author: The reasons for the right, IIJ-UNAM, on. Cit., p. 133.

NAVARRO, Pablo E., "Sistema Jurídico, Casos Difíciles y Conocimiento del Derecho", in Revista DOXA. Notebooks of philosophy of law, No. 14, University of Alicante, Alicante, 1993, p. 253.

HART, The concept of law, on. Cit. p. 153.

MACCORMICK, Neil, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, p. 140 y ss.

NAVARRO, Pablo E., "Sistema Jurídico, Casos Difíciles y Conocimiento del Derecho", in DOXA. Notebooks of philosophy of lawNum. 14, Alicante, University of Alicante, 1993, pp. 252-253.

LARIGUET, Guillermo, "Conflictos trágicos y derecho. Possible challenges" in Doxa Cuadernos de filosofía del Derecho, No. 27, Alicante, 2004, pp. 318-319. ATIENZA, Manuel, "The limits of constitutional interpretation (Again on tragic cases)", in Isonomy no. 6, April, Mexico, 1997, pp. 7-30.

GENDER PARITY. IT MUST BE OBSERVED IN THE NOMINATION OF CANDIDATES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF FEDERAL, STATE AND MUNICIPAL POPULAR REPRESENTATION BODIES. Jurisprudence 6/2015. Gazette of Jurisprudence and Thesis in electoral matters, Electoral Tribunal of the Judicial Power of the Federation, Year 8, Number 16, 2015, pages 24, 25 and 26.

PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. GENDER PARITY AS A ASSUMPTION OF MODIFICATION OF THE ORDER OF PRIORITY OF THE REGISTERED LIST OF CANDIDATES. Jurisprudence 36/2015. Pending publication.

GENDER PARITY. ADJUSTMENTS TO PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION LISTS ARE JUSTIFIED IF ACCESS FOR A GREATER NUMBER OF WOMEN IS ENSURED. Jurisprudence 10/2021.

Rinartha, K., Suryasa, W., & Kartika, L. G. S. (2018). Comparative Analysis of String Similarity on Dynamic Query Suggestions. In 2018 Electrical Power, Electronics, Communications, Controls and Informatics Seminar (EECCIS) (pp. 399-404). IEEE.

GENDER QUOTA. IT MUST TRANSCEND THE ASSIGNMENT OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION DEPUTIES (OAXACA LEGISLATION). Thesis IX/2014. Gazette of Jurisprudence and Thesis in electoral matters, Electoral Tribunal of the Judicial Power of the Federation, Year 7, Number 14, 2014, pages 42 and 43.

NOHLEN, Dieter, Treaty of Comparative Electoral Law in Latin America, FCE, Mexico, IDEA-TEPJF, Mexico, 2007, p. 301 et seq.

NOHLEN, Dieter, SElectoral istemas and electoral reform. An introduction, IDEA-Asociación Civil Transparencia, Lima, 2004, p. 147 et seq.