Serum osteocalcin levels compared with cervical maturational stages as growth indicators
An in-vivo study
Keywords:
Osteocalcin, CVMI, Skeletal, ELISA, PubertalAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum osteocalcin levels can be used as a marker for assessing skeletal maturity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 60 patients aged 08-20 years (30 males, 30 females) reporting to Department of Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, and Department of Pedodontics ,Faculty of dental sciences , Ramaiah university of Applied sciences , Bangalore. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from all the subjects. Cervical staging of orthodontic patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were evaluated on their respective lateral cephalograms by using the Hassel and Farman method. After cervical vertebral maturation evaluation, 60 subjects selected for the study from the screened patients were grouped into 6 cervical stage (CS) groups of 10 per group (5 males, 5 females). 1ml blood sample was collected from each patient after taking informed consent. The collected blood was centrifuged for 20 min at room temperature and then stored at -20°C until analysis. The serum samples were subjected to ELISA test for determining levels of Osteocalcin.
Downloads
References
Proffit WR, Fields HW. Contemporary orthodontics. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 2012. Pg 95
A. Bjork, S. Helm; Prediction of the age of maximum pubertal growth in body height. Angle Orthodontist; 1967; 37; 2; 134-144
Grave KC, Brown T; Skeletal ossification and the adolescent growth spurt; American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; 1976; 69(6):611-9
Seymour Chertkow and Paul Fatti. The relationship between tooth mineralization and early radiographic evidence of the ulnar sesamoid. ; Angle Orthodontist ; 1979; 49; 4:282-8
Price PA, Parthemore JG, Deftos LJ. New biochemical marker for bone metabolism. Measurement by radioimmunoassay of bone GLA protein in the plasma of normal subjects and patients with bone disease. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1980 Nov 1;66(5):878-83.
Leonard S. Fishman; Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation, a clinically oriented method based on hand- wrist films ; Angle Orthodontist; 1981; 52;2, 88- 112
Hagg U. and Taranger J. Maturation indicator and the pubertal growth spurt. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; 1982; 82(4):299- 309
SLOVIK DM, GUNDBERG CM, NEER RM, LIAN JB. Clinical evaluation of bone turnover by serum osteocalcin measurements in a hospital setting. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1984 Aug 1;59(2):228-30.
GUNDBERG CM, MARKOWITZ ME, MIZRUCHI M, ROSEN JF. Osteocalcin in human serum: a circadian rhythm. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1985 Apr 1;60(4):736-9.
Kruse K, Kracht U. Evaluation of serum osteocalcin as an index of altered bone metabolism. European journal of pediatrics. 1986 Apr 1;145(1-2):27-33.
WILSON DM, KILLEN JD, HAMMER LD, LITT IF, VOSTI C, MINER B, HAYWARD C, TAYLOR CB. Insulin-like growth factor-I as a reflection of body composition, nutrition, and puberty in sixth and seventh grade girls. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1991 Oct 1;73(4):907-12.
Blumsohn A, Hannon RA, Wrate R, Barton J, AI‐Dehaimi AW, Colwell A, Eastell R. Biochemical markers of bone turnover in girls during puberty. Clinical endocrinology. 1994 May 1;40(5):663-70.
Juul A, Bang P, Hertel NT, Main K, Dalgaard P, Jørgensen K, Müller J, Hall K, Skakkebaek NE. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I in 1030 healthy children, adolescents, and adults: relation to age, sex, stage of puberty, testicular size, and body mass index. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1994 Mar 1;78(3):744-52.
Juul, A.N.D.E.R.S., Dalgaard, P.E.T.E.R., Blum, W.F., Bang, P.E.T.E.R., Hall, K., Michaelsen, K.F., Müller, J. and Skakkebaek, N.E., 1995. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in healthy infants, children, and adolescents: the relation to IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, age, sex, body mass index, and pubertal maturation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 80(8), pp.2534-2542.
Hassel B, Farman AG. Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1995 Jan 1;107(1):58-66.
Ruf S, Pancherz H. Frontal sinus development as an indicator for somatic maturity at puberty?. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 1996 Nov 1;110(5):476-82.
Juul A, Kastrup KW, Pedersen SA, Skakkebæk NE. Growth hormone (GH) provocative retesting of 108 young adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency and the diagnostic value of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1997 Apr 1;82(4):1195-201.
Griffiths GS, Moulson AM, Petrie A, James IT. Evaluation of osteocalcin and pyridinium crosslinks of bone collagen as markers of bone turnover in gingival crevicular fluid during different stages of orthodontic treatment. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1998 Jun 1;25(6):492-8.
St-Jacques B, Hammerschmidt M, McMahon AP. Indian hedgehog signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and is essential for bone formation. Genes & development. 1999 Aug 15;13(16):2072-86.
Szulc P, Seeman E, Delmas PD. Biochemical measurements of bone turnover in children and adolescents. Osteoporosis International. 2000 May 1;11(4):281-94.
Van Coeverden SC, De Ridder CM, Roos JC, Van'T Hof MA, Netelenbos JC. Pubertal maturation characteristics and the rate of bone mass development longitudinally toward menarche. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 Apr 1;16(4):774-81.
Koshi Sato, Toshinori Mito, and Hideo Mitani; An accurate method of predicting mandibular growth potential based on bone maturity; American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; 2001; 120:286-90
de Crombrugghe B, Lefebvre V, Nakashima K. Regulatory mechanisms in the pathways of cartilage and bone formation. Current opinion in cell biology. 2001 Dec 1;13(6):721-8.
Saggese G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S. Puberty and bone development. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2002 Mar 31;16(1):53-64.
Suleekorn Krailassiri, Niwat Anuwongnukroh, Surachai Dechkunakorn; Relationships Between Dental Calcification Stages and Skeletal Maturity Indicators in Thai Individuals; Angle Orthodontist; 2002; 72:155–166
Tancan Uysal, Zafer Sari, Sabri Ilhan Ramogl, Faruk Ayhan Basciftci; Relationships Between Dental and Skeletal Maturity in Turkish Subjects; Angle Orthodontist 2004; 74:657–664
Franchi L, Baccetti T, McNamara JA. Postpubertal assessment of treatment timing for maxillary expansion and protraction therapy followed by fixed appliances. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2004;126:555–68.
Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA. The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. InSeminars in Orthodontics 2005 Sep 1 (Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 119-129).
Yilmaz D, Ersoy B, Bilgin E, Gümüşer G, Onur E, Pinar ED. Bone mineral density in girls and boys at different pubertal stages: relation with gonadal steroids, bone formation markers, and growth parameters. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism. 2005 Nov 1;23(6):476-82.
Imamoglu S, Bereket A, Turan S, Taga Y, Haklar G. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth hormone secretion, IGF-I, IGFBP-3, somatomedin generation, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and growth in prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005;18(1):69-74.
Bullon P, Goberna B, Guerrero JM, Segura JJ, Perez‐Cano R, Martinez‐Sahuquillo A. Serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid osteocalcin: their relation to periodontal status and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Journal of periodontology. 2005 Apr 1;76(4):513-9.
Cozza P, Baccetti T, Franchi L, De Toffol L, McNamara JA Jr. Mandibular changes produced by functional appliances in Class II malocclusion: a systematic review. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2006;129:599.e1–12.
Rauchenzauner M, Schmid A, Heinz-Erian P, Kapelari K, Falkensammer G, Griesmacher A, Finkenstedt G, Hogler W. Sex-and age-specific reference curves for serum markers of bone turnover in healthy children from 2 months to 18 years. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006 Nov 14;92(2):443-9.
Franchi L, Baccetti T, De Toffol L, Polimeni A, Cozza P. Phases of the dentition for the assessment of skeletal maturity: a diagnostic performance study. Am J OrthodDentofacialOrthop 2008;133:395–400.
Benny M. Soegiharto, Susan J. Cunningham and David R. Moles; Skeletal maturation in Indonesian and white children assessed with hand-wrist and cervical vertebrae methods; American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; 2008; 134: 217-26
Masoud M, Masoud I, Kent RL, Gowharji N, Cohen LE. Assessing skeletal maturity by using blood spot insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) testing. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2008 Aug 1;134(2):209-16.
Masoud MI, Masoud I, Kent RL, Gowharji N, Hassan AH, Cohen LE. Relationship between blood-spot insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and hand-wrist assessment of skeletal maturity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial orthop 2009;136:59-64.
Wong RW, Alkhal HA, Rabie AB. Use of cervical vertebral maturation to determine skeletal age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2009 Oct 31;136(4):484-e1.
Sun-Mi Cho and Chung-Ju Hwang; Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular third molar development in adolescents; Korean Journal of Orthodontics; 2009; 39(2): 120-129
Athina Chatzigiannia and Demetrios J. Halazonetis; Geometric morphometric evaluation of cervical vertebrae shape and its relationship to skeletal maturation; American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; 2009; 136:481.e1- 481.e9
Ochiai T, Shibukawa Y, Nagayama M, Mundy C, Yasuda T, Okabe T, Shimono K, Kanyama M, Hasegawa H, Maeda Y, Lanske B. Indian hedgehog roles in post-natal TMJ development and organization. Journal of dental research. 2010 Apr;89(4):349-54.
Calfee RP, Sutter M, Steffen JA, Goldfarb CA. Skeletal and chronological ages in American adolescents: current findings in skeletal maturation. Journal of children's orthopaedics. 2010 Sep 2;4(5):467-70.
Perinetti G, Baccetti T, Contardo L, Di Lenarda R. Gingival crevicular fluid alkaline phosphatase activity as a non‐invasive biomarker of skeletal maturation. Orthodontics & craniofacial research. 2011 Feb 1;14(1):44-50.
Kirmani S, Atkinson EJ, Melton LJ, Riggs BL, Amin S, Khosla S. Relationship of testosterone and osteocalcin levels during growth. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2011 Sep 1;26(9):2212-6.
Silva CC, Goldberg TB, Nga HS, Kurokawa CS, RC Chapel, Teixeira AS, Dalmas JC. Impact of skeletal maturation on bone metabolism biomarkers and bone mineral density in healthy Brazilian male adolescents. Journal of pediatrics. 2011 Oct; 87 (5): 450-6.
Kumar S, Singla A, Sharma R, Virdi MS, Anupam A, Mittal B. Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular second molar calcification stages. The Angle Orthodontist. 2011 Sep 7;82(3):501-6.
Abraham JE, Maranian MJ, Spiteri I, Russell R, Ingle S, Luccarini C, Earl HM, Pharoah PP, Dunning AM, Caldas C. Saliva samples are a viable alternative to blood samples as a source of DNA for high throughput genotyping. BMC medical genomics. 2012 May 30;5(1):1.
Hussain MZ, Talapaneni AK, Prasad M, Krishnan R. Serum PTHrP level as a biomarker in assessing skeletal maturation during circumpubertal development. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2013 Apr 30;143(4):515-21.
Perinetti G, Caprioglio A, Contardo L. Visual assessment of the cervical vertebral maturation stages. A study of diagnostic accuracy and repeatability. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:951-6.
Nayak S, Bhad WA, Doshi UH. The relationship between salivary insulin-like growth factor I and quantitative cervical maturational stages of skeletal maturity. Journal of orthodontics. 2014 Sep 1;41(3):170-4.
Phogat R , Sindhu M, Grover S, Dabas A, Malik V. Comparritive evaluation of efficiency of IGF-1, handwrist radiograph and cervical vertebra as skeletal maturity indicator. JIOS 2015;49:199-205.
Lopes LJ, de Oliveira Gamba T, Visconti MA, Ambrosano GM, Haiter-Neto F, Freitas DQ. Utility of panoramic radiography for identification of the pubertal growth period. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2016 Apr 30;149(4):509-15.
Kamonwad Ngamchuea, Christopher Batchelor-McAuley, Philip J.Cowen et al Can saliva testing replace blood measurements for health monitoring? Insights from a correlation study of salivary and whole blood glutathione in humans: Royal Society Of Chemistry 2016.
Mohita S. Serum and urine insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical growth maturity indicators. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2016 May 31;151(5):836.
Szemraj A, Wojtaszek-Słomińska A, Racka-Pilszak B. Is the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method effective enough to replace the hand-wrist maturation (HWM) method in determining skeletal maturation?—A systematic review. European journal of radiology. 2018 May 1;102:125-8.
Bittencourt MV, Cericato G, Franco A, Girão R, Lima AP, Paranhos L. Accuracy of dental development for estimating the pubertal growth spurt in comparison to skeletal development: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2018 Jan 9;47(1):20170362.
Tripathi T, Gupta P, Sharma J, Rai P, Gupta VK, Singh N. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase–a potential biomarker for skeletal growth assessment. Journal of orthodontics. 2018 Jan 2;45(1):4-10.
Suwija, N., Suarta, M., Suparsa, N., Alit Geria, A.A.G., Suryasa, W. (2019). Balinese speech system towards speaker social behavior. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 7(5), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.754
Widana, I.K., Dewi, G.A.O.C., Suryasa, W. (2020). Ergonomics approach to improve student concentration on learning process of professional ethics. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12(7), 429-445.
Santi, L. K. S., Sudewi, A. A. R., Duarsa, D. P., & Lesmana, C. B. J. (2021). The effect of pregnancy massage on level of depression, anxiety and stress in pregnant women. International Journal of Health & Medical Sciences, 4(2), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.31295/ijhms.v4n2.1692
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.