Frequency of Diabetic and Non-diabetic patients having fetal anomalies at 3rd trimester using ultrasound
Keywords:
Pre-gestational, gestational diabetes, OligohydramniosAbstract
Background: Pre-gestational or gestational diabetes in pregnancy is now more common among pregnant mothers as a result of the obesity pandemic. Objective: To determine frequency of diabetic and non-diabetic patients having fetal anomalies at 3rd trimester using ultrasound. Methodology: Descriptive study was conducted at radiology department Chughtai Lab, Lahore. About 250 Diabetic and Non-Diabetic pregnant women of all age were included in this study. Consecutive sampling technique was used Data was analyzed by SSPS version 24.0. All quantitative variables were reported in mean ± S.D were presented in frequency and percentage and bar charts were presented. Results: The mean age of 250 participants was 28±5.1 with minimum age of 15 years and maximum age of 45 years. Out of 250 participants, 210(84%) had no Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and 40(16%) had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Out of 250 patients, 204(81.6%) had adequate Amniotic Fluid Index value, 27(10.8%) had Oligohydramnios and 19(7.6%) had Polyhydramnios. In our study 16(6.4%) diabetic patients and 26(10.4%) non-diabetic patients have anomalies. Conclusion: The study concluded that frequency of anomalies doesn’t depend on patients being diabetic or non-diabetic. As in our study diabetic patients are lesser anomalies than the non-diabetic patients.
Downloads
References
Asmat, U, Abad, K. and Ismail, K. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress—a concise review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2016.1;24(5):547-53.
Chih-Ping Chen, Congenital Malformations Associated with Maternal Diabetes, Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 44, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-7, ISSN 1028-4559.
Cho N, Shaw J, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes J, Ohlrogge A, et al.. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for (2045). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. (2018) 138:271–81. 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
Reece EA, Homko CJ, Wu YK, Wiznitzer A. The role of free radicals and membrane lipids in diabetes-induced congenital malformations. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1998;5:178-87
Ural, S.H. and Nagey, D.A. Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy. Topics in Obstetrics & Gynecology.2008;18(1):1- 4.
Evers, I.M., de Valk, H.W. and Visser, G.H. Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. Bmj. 2004. 328(7445):915.
Designua k. Types 1 diabetes mellitus vector image on VectorStock [Internet]. VectorStock. 2020 [cited 2022Dec31]. Available from: https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/types-1-diabetes-mellitus-vector-31601876.
Lakshmi PV, Jain S, Prinja S. Diagnostic accuracy of tests for type 2 diabetes and Prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(11).
Martin JA, Hamilton BE. Births: Final data for 2018. National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2019 nov;68(13);1-47.
Katz J, Kozuki N, Adair L. National and regional estimates of term and preterm babies born small for gestational age in 138 low-income and middle-income countries in 2010. The Lancet Global Health. 2013;1(1).
Leese GP, Mires GJ, Murphy DJ. Poor glycated haemoglobin control and adverse pregnancy outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review of observational studies. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2006;6(1):1–13.
Hogston P, Rowe DJ, Dennis KJ. Reference values for 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. BMJ. 1988;296(6623):676–8.
Ornoy A, Becker M, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z. Diabetes during Pregnancy: A Maternal Disease Complicating the Course of Pregnancy with Long-Term Deleterious Effects on the Offspring. A Clinical Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 15;22(6):2965.
Donovan LE, Ryan EA. Association between maternal diabetes, being large for gestational age and breast-feeding on being overweight or obese in childhood. Diabetologia. 2018;62(2):249–58.
Rouse DJ, Owen J. Prophylactic cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by means of ultrasonography—a Faustian bargain? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999;181(2):332–8.
Ott W, Doyle S, Flamm S. Accurate ultrasonic estimation of fetal weight. American Journal of Perinatology. 1985;2(03):178–82.
Bhutta R. Diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus and work up [Internet]. Labpedia.net. 2022 [cited 2022Sep31]. Available from: https://labpedia.net/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-oral-gtt/
Li L-J, Ikram MK, Gluckman P, Kwek K, Saw S-M. Blood pressure and retinal microvascular characteristics during pregnancy. Hypertension. 2012;60(1):223–30.
Nizard J, Ville Y. The fetus of a diabetic mother: Sonographic evaluation. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2009;14(2):101–5.
Little R. Diabetes tests & diagnosis [Internet]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; [cited 2022Dec31]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/tests-diagnosis
Euclid A. Amniocentesis: Purpose, procedure, risks, Recovery & Results [Internet]. Cleveland Clinic. 2022 [cited 2022Sep31]. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/4206-genetic-amniocentesis.
Gabbay-Benziv R. Birth defects in pregestational diabetes: Defect range, glycemic threshold and pathogenesis. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015;6(3):481–9.
Deng F, Radswiki T. Diabetic embryopathy. Radiopaediaorg. 2011;:30–8.
Abourawi FI. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy [Internet]. The Libyan journal of medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2006 [cited 2022Oct18]. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21526019/
Kallem VR, Pandita A, Pillai A. Infant of diabetic mother: What one needs to know? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018;33(3):482–92.
Kereliuk SM, Dolinsky VW. Recent experimental studies of maternal obesity, diabetes during pregnancy and the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(8):4467–74.
Syngelaki A, Zidere V, Nicolaides KH. Diagnosis of fetal non‐chromosomal abnormalities on routine ultrasound examination at 11–13 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019;54(4):468–76.
Moore GS, Post AL, West NA, Hart JE. Fetal weight estimation in diabetic pregnancies using the gestation-adjusted projection method. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2015;34(6):971–5.
Riskin S, Auslander R. Quality of medical care in diabetic women undergoing fertility treatment. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2164–9.
Hina GE, Gillani SA, Fatima M, Khalid Q. Sonographic evaluation of fetal complications in gestational diabetes during 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Pakistan BioMedical Journal. 2022;:262–6.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 International journal of health sciences
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.