Calibrated behaviors assessment in spinal cord compression injury model in rats
Keywords:
Thoracic level compression, spinal cord injury, compression of aneurysm clipAbstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are often associated with dire consequences resulting in the serious pathological conditions in SCI patients. These consequences have resulted in an increased interest of basic science researchers and healthcare professionals to investigate effective treatment of SCI. Among these initiatives, animal experimentation models emerged as a successful tool to study the SCI in detail. We created a standardized spinal cord compression injury model for this research and tested its effectiveness in examining the behaviors of rodents with SCI. We used 24 mature Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 250 and 320g. Two sets, A and B, of rats were created. Under general anesthesia, Rat from group A underwent laminectomy and only had the T6–T8 vertebrae of their spinal arch removed. in contrast to the rats in group B underwent laminectomy as well as compression injuries using an aneurysm clip of 70 gm for 60 seconds. All the rats were observed at day 7, 14 and 28 following the experimentation. Using standardised techniques, the sensory-motor abilities were evaluated.
Downloads
References
Aimetti, A. A., kirshblum, S., curt, A., mobley, J., grossman, R. G. & guest, J. D. 2019. Natural history of neurological improvement following complete (AIS A) thoracic spinal cord injury across three registries to guide acute clinical trial design and interpretation. Spinal Cord, 57, 753-762.
Alizadeh, A., Dyck, S. M. & karimi-abdolrezaee, S. 2019. Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms. Frontiers in neurology, 10, 282.
All, A. H. & Al-Nashash, H. 2021. Comparative analysis of functional assessment for contusion and transection models of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 59, 1206-1209.
Basso, D. M., Beattie, M. S. & Bresnahan, J. C. 1995. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. Journal of neurotrauma, 12, 1-21.
Choi, S. H., sung, C.-H., heo, D. R., jeong, S.-Y. & kang, C.-N. 2020. Incidence of acute spinal cord injury and associated complications of methylprednisolone therapy: a national population-based study in South Korea. Spinal Cord, 58, 232-237.
Cregg, J. M., Depaul, M. A., Filous, A. R., Lang, B. T., Tran, A. & Silver, J. 2014. Functional regeneration beyond the glial scar. Experimental neurology, 253, 197-207.
Dryden, D. M., Saunders, L. D., Jacobs, P., Schopflocher, D. P., Rowe, B. H., May, L. A., Yiannakoulias, N., Svenson, L. W. & Voaklander, D. C. 2005. Direct health care costs after traumatic spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 59, 441-447.
Forgione, N., Chamankhah, M. & Fehlings, M. G. 2017. A mouse model of bilateral cervical contusion-compression spinal cord injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 34, 1227-1239.
Gruner, J. A., Yee, A. K. & Blight, A. R. 1996. Histological and functional evaluation of Experimental spinal cord injury: evidence of a stepwise response to graded compression. Brain research, 729, 90-101.
Hahmann, C. & Schroeter, T. 2010. Rho-kinase inhibitors as therapeutics: from pan inhibition to isoform selectivity. Cellular and molecular life sciences, 67, 171-177.
Hejčl, A., Sameš, P. & Syková, M. 2015. Experimental treatment of spinal cord injuries. Cesk Slov Neurol, 78.
Hubrecht, R. C. & Carter, E. 2019. The 3Rs and humane experimental technique: implementing change. Animals, 9, 754.
Kang, Y., Ding, H., Zhou, H., Wei, Z., Liu, L., Pan, D. & Feng, S. 2018. Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review. Journal of Neurorestoratology, 6, 3.
Karsy, M. & Hawryluk, G. 2019. Modern medical management of spinal cord injury. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 19, 1-7.
Linsenmeyer, T., Bodner, D., Creasey, G., Green, B., Groah, S. & Joseph, A. 2006. Bladder management for adults with spinal cord injury: A clinical practice guideline for health care providers. J Spinal Cord Med, 29, 527-573.
Paterniti, I., Esposito, E. & Cuzzocrea, S. 2018. An in vivo compression model of spinal cord injury. Neurotrophic Factors. Springer.
Raineteau, O. & Schwab, M. E. 2001. Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 263-273.
Riento, K. & Ridley, A. J. 2003. Rocks: multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 4, 446-456.
Rowland, J. W., Hawryluk, G. W., Kwon, B. & Fehlings, M. G. 2008. Current status of acute spinal cord injury pathophysiology and emerging therapies: promise on the horizon. Neurosurgical focus, 25, E2.
Sengupta, M., Gupta, A., Khanna, M., Krishnan, U. R. & Chakrabarti, D. 2020. Role of virtual reality in balance training in patients with spinal cord injury: a prospective comparative pre-post study. Asian spine journal, 14, 51.
Sharif-Alhoseini, M., Khormali, M., Rezaei, M., Safdarian, M., Hajighadery, A., Khalatbari, M., Meknatkhah, S., Rezvan, M., Chalangari, M. & Derakhshan, P. 2017. Animal models of spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord, 55, 714-721.
Silva, N. A., Sousa, N., Reis, R. L. & Salgado, A. J. 2014. From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury. Progress in neurobiology, 114, 25-57.
Stokes, B. & Jakeman, L. 2002. Experimental modelling of human spinal cord injury: a model that crosses the species barrier and mimics the spectrum of human cytopathology. Spinal Cord, 40, 101-109.
Tarlov, I. & Klinger, H. 1954. Spinal cord compression studies: II. Time limits for recovery after acute compression in dogs. AMA Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 71, 271-290.
Tchvaloon, E., Front, L., Gelernter, I., Ronen, J., Bluvshtein, V. & Catz, A. 2008. Survival, neurological recovery and morbidity after spinal cord injuries following road accidents in Israel. Spinal Cord, 46, 145-149.
Vanický, I., Urdzíková, L., Saganová, K., Čízková, D. & Gálik, J. 2001. A simple and reproducible model of spinal cord injury induced by epidural balloon inflation in the rat. Journal of neurotrauma, 18, 1399-1407.
Verstappen, K., Aquarius, R., Klymov, A., Wever, K. E., Damveld, L., Leeuwenburgh, S. C., Bartels, R. H., Hooijmans, C. R. & Walboomers, X. F. 2022. Systematic Evaluation of Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models in the Field of Biomaterials. Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews.
Von Euler, M., Seiger, Å. & Sundström, E. 1997. Clip compression injury in the spinal cord: a correlative study of neurological and morphological alterations. Experimental neurology, 145, 502-510.
Wagner, F. B., Mignardot, J.-B., Goff-Mignardot, L., Camille, G., Demesmaeker, R., Komi, S., Capogrosso, M., Rowald, A., Seáñez, I. & Caban, M. 2018. Targeted neurotechnology restores walking in humans with spinal cord injury. Nature, 563, 65-71.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 International journal of health sciences
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.