Autoimmune disorders: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and the future of therapeutic approaches-review article for healthcare staff about autoantibodies

Mohammed Mesfer Musaed Al Khathami; Zaina Zaki Almohammed; ‏Ali Abdulaziz Alanzan; ‏Anood Fhid Alanazi; Sanad Samah Alharbi

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v7nS1.15183

Authors

Mohammed Mesfer Musaed Al Khathami KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Zaina Zaki Almohammed KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
‏Ali Abdulaziz Alanzan KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
‏Anood Fhid Alanazi KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Sanad Samah Alharbi KSA, National Guard Health Affairs

Keywords:

Autoantibodies, autoimmune disorders, mechanisms, diagnosis, therapeutic approaches

Abstract

Background: Autoimmune disorders, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, play a critical role in disease pathogenesis through their interaction with self-antigens. These immunoglobulins can induce inflammation and tissue damage by mediating immune responses against the body’s own cells. Aim: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of functional autoantibodies, focusing on their mechanisms of action, origins, and implications in both autoimmune and non-autoimmune conditions. Methods: The review synthesizes findings from recent literature regarding the classification of functional autoantibodies based on their pathogenic mechanisms, including receptor activation, blockade, and neutralization. It also examines the role of tumors, infections, and immunodeficiency in the generation of these autoantibodies. Results: Functional autoantibodies can activate or inhibit receptors, induce receptor internalization, and disrupt protein interactions, contributing to various autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis. Emerging evidence links functional autoantibodies to non-autoimmune conditions, particularly in the context of infections like COVID-19. Conclusion: A nuanced understanding of functional autoantibodies is essential for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in autoimmune disorders. Further research is warranted to elucidate their complex roles in health and disease.

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