Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Keywords:
gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, prevalence, treatmentAbstract
Background: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by the retrograde movement of gastric contents into the oesophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential lesions. Its prevalence is increasing globally, particularly in Western countries, with significant links to respiratory disorders like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aim: This review aims to explore the association between GERD, asthma, and COPD, examining the prevalence, diagnostic challenges, and potential treatment implications. Methods: A systematic review of literature published between 1966 and 2016 was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on the keywords: GERD, asthma, COPD, prevalence, and treatment. Relevant bibliographies were also reviewed to identify additional studies. Results: The prevalence of GERD in asthma patients ranges from 30% to 90%, while up to 40% of COPD patients may experience GERD symptoms. Mechanisms proposed for this association include aspiration of refluxate, airway reflex stimulation, and inflammatory mediators affecting lung health. Conclusion: The coexistence of GERD with asthma and COPD significantly impacts patient quality of life and complicates diagnosis and management. Management strategies should integrate lifestyle modifications and tailored treatment plans, considering the interactions between these conditions. Ongoing research is crucial to further elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these associations and optimize treatment approaches.
Downloads
References
Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R, Global Consensus G. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101: 1900-1920; quiz 1943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x
Stanghellini V. Relationship between upper gastrointestinal symptoms and lifestyle, psychosocial factors and comorbidity in the general population: results from the domestic/international gastroenterology surveillance study (DIGEST). Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1999; 231: 29-37.
Dent J, El-Serag HB, Wallander MA, Johansson S. Epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2005; 54: 710-717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.051821
Bor S, Mandiracioglu A, Kitapcioglu G, Caymaz-Bor C, Gilbert RJ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in a low-income region in Turkey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100: 759-765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41065.x
Spechler SJ, Jain SK, Tendler DA, Parker RA. Racial differences in the frequency of symptoms and complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 16: 1795-1800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01351.x
Overholt RH, Voorhees RJ. Esophageal reflux as a trigger in asthma. Diseases of the Chest. 1966; 49: 464-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.49.5.464
Jaspersen D, Kulig M, Labenz J, et al. Prevalence of extra-oesophageal manifestations in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: an analysis based on the ProGERD Study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 17: 1515-1520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01606.x
Locke GR III, Talley NJ, Fett SL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ III. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112: 1448-1456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70025-8
Shaker R. Protective mechanisms against supraesophageal GERD. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2000; 30: S3-S8.
Jadcherla SR, Gupta A, Coley BD, Fernandez S, Shaker R. Esophago-glottal closure reflex in human infants: a novel reflex elicited with concurrent manometry and ultrasonography. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007; 102: 2286-2293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01401.x
R, Bravi I. The role of delayed gastric emptying and impaired oesophageal body motility. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010; 24: 831-845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2010.09.003
Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH, et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest. 1980; 65: 256-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI109667
Schoeman MN, Tippett MD, Akkermans LM, Dent J, Holloway RH. Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in ambulant healthy human subjects. Gastroenterology. 1995; 108: 83-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)90011-X
Orr WC, Johnson LF, Robinson MG. Effect of sleep on swallowing, esophageal peristalsis, and acid clearance. Gastroenterology. 1984; 86: 814-819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(24)05128-X
Jaspersen D. Extra-esophageal disorders in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis. 2004; 22: 115-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000080309
Malagelada JR. Review article: supra-oesophageal manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 19: 43-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-0673.2004.01836.x
DeVault KR. Extraesophageal symptoms of GERD. Cleve Clin J Med. 2003; 70: S20-S32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.70.Suppl_5.S20
Paterson WG. Extraesophageal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 1997; 11: 45B-50B.
Paterson WG. Extraesophageal manifestations of reflux disease: myths and reality. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001; 11: 523-538.
Hom C, Vaezi MF. Extra-esophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease: diagnosis and treatment. Drugs. 2013; 73: 1281-1295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0101-8
Ates F, Vaezi MF. Approach to the patient with presumed extraoesophageal GERD. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013; 27: 415-431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2013.06.009
Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms and health-related quality of life in the adult general population-the Kalixanda study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006; 23: 1725-1733. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02952.x
Kusano M, Shimoyama Y, Sugimoto S, et al. Development and evaluation of FSSG: frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD. J Gastroenterol. 2004; 39: 888-891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-004-1417-7
Shay SS, Bomeli S, Richter J. Multichannel intraluminal impedance accurately detects fasting, recumbent reflux events and their clearing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002; 283: G376-G383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00470.2001
Bredenoord AJ, Pandolfino JE, Smout AJ. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet. 2013; 381: 1933-1942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62171-0
Vaezi MF, Schroeder PL, Richter JE. Reproducibility of proximal probe pH parameters in 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92: 825-829.
Bhat YM, McGrath KM, Bielefeldt K. Wireless esophageal pH monitoring: new technique means new questions. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006; 40: 116-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000196188.57543.75
Roman S, Gyawali CP, Savarino E, et al. Ambulatory reflux monitoring for diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux disease: update of the Porto consensus and recommendations from an international consensus group. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017; 29: 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13067
Hom C, Vaezi MF. Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013; 42: 71-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.004
Numans ME, Lau J, de Wit NJ, Bonis PA. Short-term treatment with proton-pump inhibitors as a test for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test characteristics. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140: 518-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00011
Hayat JO, Gabieta-Somnez S, Yazaki E, et al. Pepsin in saliva for the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut. 2015; 64: 373-380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307049
Cropp G J A BIL, A BH. Guidelines for bronchial inhalation challenges with pharmacologic and antigenic agents. In Am Thorac Soc Bull. 1980; 19: 611-619.
Parsons JP, Mastronarde JG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010; 16: 60-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e328332ca2f
Richter JE. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma: the two are directly related. Am J Med. 2000; 108: 153S-158S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00356-3
Harding SM. The potential role of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2001; 47: 75-83.
Havemann BD, Henderson CA, El-Serag HB. The association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and asthma: a systematic review. Gut. 2007; 56: 1654-1664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.122465
Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. 24-h esophageal pH testing in asthmatics: respiratory symptom correlation with esophageal acid events. Chest. 1999; 115: 654-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.115.3.654
Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000; 162: 34-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907072
Sontag SJ, O'Connell S, Khandelwal S, et al. Most asthmatics have gastroesophageal reflux with or without bronchodilator therapy. Gastroenterology. 1990; 99: 613-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)90945-W
Field SK, Underwood M, Brant R, Cowie RL. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in asthma. Chest. 1996; 109: 316-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.109.2.316
Ruigómez A, Rodríguez LA, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Thomas M, Price D. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma: a longitudinal study in UK general practice. Chest. 2005; 128: 85-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.1.85
Galmiche JP, Zerbib F, Bruley des Varannes S. Review article: respiratory manifestations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008; 27: 449-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03611.x
Rameschandra S, Acharya V, Kunal, Vishwanath T, Ramkrishna A, Acharya P. Prevalence and spectrum of gastro esophageal reflux disease in bronchial asthma. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015; 9: OC11-OC14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/14760.6645
Shirai T, Mikamo M, Tsuchiya T, et al. Real-world effect of gastroesophageal reflux disease on cough-related quality of life and disease status in asthma and COPD. Allergol Int. 2015; 64: 79-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.001
Kiljander TO, Salomaa ER, Hietanen EK, Terho EO. Gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatics: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with omeprazole. Chest. 1999; 116: 1257-1264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.116.5.1257
Leggett JJ, Johnston BT, Mills M, Gamble J, Heaney LG. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in difficult asthma: relationship to asthma outcome. Chest. 2005; 127: 1227-1231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-3692(15)34471-8
Gislason T, Janson C, Vermeire P, et al. Respiratory symptoms and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study of young adults in three European countries. Chest. 2002; 121: 158-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.1.158
Ladanchuk TC, Johnston BT, Murray LJ, Anderson LA, FINBAR study group. Risk of Barrett's oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma and reflux oesophagitis and the use of nitrates and asthma medications. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2010; 45: 1397-1403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2010.503968
Raghavendran K, Nemzek J, Napolitano LM, Knight PR. Aspiration-induced lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39: 818-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31820a856b
Sontag SJ. The spectrum of pulmonary symptoms due to gastroesophageal reflux. Thorac Surg Clin. 2005; 15: 353-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thorsurg.2005.04.002
Britto J, Demling RH. Aspiration lung injury. New Horiz. 1993; 1: 435-439.
Vakil NB, Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Vanagunas A. Absence of an upper esophageal sphincter response to acid reflux. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989; 84: 606-610.
Madanick RD. Extraesophageal presentations of GERD: where is the science? Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014; 43: 105-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2013.11.007
Ward C, Forrest IA, Brownlee IA, et al. Pepsin like activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is suggestive of gastric aspiration in lung allografts. Thorax. 2005; 60: 872-874. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2004.036426
Sweet MP, Patti MG, Hoopes C, Hays SR, Golden JA. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and aspiration in patients with advanced lung disease. Thorax. 2009; 64: 167-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2007.082719
Tuchman DN, Boyle JT, Pack AI, et al. Comparison of airway responses following tracheal or esophageal acidification in the cat. Gastroenterology. 1984; 87: 872-881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(84)90082-9
Jack CI, Calverley PM, Donnelly RJ, et al. Simultaneous tracheal and oesophageal pH measurements in asthmatic patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Thorax. 1995; 50: 201-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.50.2.201
Pauwels A, Decraene A, Blondeau K, et al. Bile acids in sputum and increased airway inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2012; 141: 1568-1574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-1573
Farrell S, McMaster C, Gibson D, Shields MD, McCallion WA. Pepsin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: a specific and sensitive method of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux-related pulmonary aspiration. J Pediatr Surg. 2006; 41: 289-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.002
Blondeau K, Mertens V, Vanaudenaerde BA, et al. Nocturnal weakly acidic reflux promotes aspiration of bile acids in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009; 28: 141-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2008.11.906
Wright RA, Miller SA, Corsello BF. Acid-induced esophagobronchial-cardiac reflexes in humans. Gastroenterology. 1990; 99: 71-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)91231-T
Tokayer AZ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and chronic cough. Lung. 2008; 186: S29-S34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-007-9057-3
Poe RH, Kallay MC. Chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux disease: experience with specific therapy for diagnosis and treatment. Chest. 2003; 123: 679-684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.3.679
Hanson DG, Jiang JJ. Diagnosis and management of chronic laryngitis associated with reflux. Am J Med. 2000; 108: 112S-119S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00349-6
Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG, Sontag SJ. Temporal associations between coughing or wheezing and acid reflux in asthmatics. Gut. 2001; 49: 767-772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.49.6.767
Herve P, Denjean A, Jian R, Simonneau G, Duroux P. Intraesophageal perfusion of acid increases the bronchomotor response to methacholine and to isocapnic hyperventilation in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986; 134: 986-989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1986.134.5.986
Field SK, Evans JA, Price LM. The effects of acid perfusion of the esophagus on ventilation and respiratory sensation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 157: 1058-1062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9707094
Mansfield LE, Stein MR. Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: a possible reflex mechanism. Ann Allergy. 1978; 41: 224-226.
Schan CA, Harding SM, Haile JM, Bradley LA, Richter JE. Gastroesophageal reflux-induced bronchoconstriction. An intraesophageal acid infusion study using state-of-the-art technology. Chest. 1994; 106: 731-737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.3.731
Field SK. A critical review of the studies of the effects of simulated or real gastroesophageal reflux on pulmonary function in asthmatic adults. Chest. 1999; 115: 848-856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.115.3.848
Ekstrom T, Tibbling L. Esophageal acid perfusion, airway function, and symptoms in asthmatic patients with marked bronchial hyperreactivity. Chest. 1989; 96: 995-998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.96.5.995
PM OB. Airway hyperresponsiveness. In: E RC Middleton, EF Ellis, NF Adkinson, JW Yunginger, WW Busse, eds. Allergy Principles and Practise. St. Louis: MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc; 1998: 859-866.
Lodi U, Harding SM, Coghlan HC, Guzzo MR, Walker LH. Autonomic regulation in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux. Chest. 1997; 111: 65-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.111.1.65
Kaliner M, Shelhamer JH, Davis PB, Smith LJ, Venter JC. Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and allergy. Ann Intern Med. 1982; 96: 349-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-96-3-349
Stein MR. Possible mechanisms of influence of esophageal acid on airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Med. 2003; 115: 55S-59S. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00194-3
Kirby JG, Hargreave FE, Gleich GJ, O'Byrne PM. Bronchoalveolar cell profiles of asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987; 136: 379-383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/136.2.379
Vincent D, Cohen-Jonathan AM, Leport J, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux prevalence and relationship with bronchial reactivity in asthma. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10: 2255-2259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10102255
Wu DN, Tanifuji Y, Kobayashi H, et al. Effects of esophageal acid perfusion on airway hyperresponsiveness in patients with bronchial asthma. Chest. 2000; 118: 1553-1556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.6.1553
Field SK. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux: another piece in the puzzle? Chest. 2002; 121: 1024-1027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.4.1024
Choy D, Leung R. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and asthma. Respirology. 1997; 2: 163-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.1997.tb00073.x
Zerbib F, Guisset O, Lamouliatte H, Quinton A, Galmiche JP, Tunon-De-Lara JM. Effects of bronchial obstruction on lower esophageal sphincter motility and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002; 166: 1206-1211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200110-033OC
Ekström T, Lindgren BR, Tibbling L. Effects of ranitidine treatment on patients with asthma and a history of gastro-oesophageal reflux: a double blind crossover study. Thorax. 1989; 44: 19-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.44.1.19
Nagel RA, Brown P, Perks WH, Wilson RS, Kerr GD. Ambulatory pH monitoring of gastro-oesophageal reflux in “morning dipper” asthmatics. BMJ. 1988; 297: 1371-1373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6660.1371
Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 965-971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.9.965
Goodall RJ, Earis JE, Cooper DN, Bernstein A, Temple JG. Relationship between asthma and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Thorax. 1981; 36: 116-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.36.2.116
Larrain A, Carrasco E, Galleguillos F, Sepulveda R, Pope CE. Medical and surgical treatment of nonallergic asthma associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Chest. 1991; 99: 1330-1335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.99.6.1330
Field SK, Sutherland LR. Does medical antireflux therapy improve asthma in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux?: a critical review of the literature. Chest. 1998; 114: 275-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.114.1.275
Galmiche JP, Zerbib F, des Varannes SB. Treatment of GERD: three decades of progress and disappointments. United European Gastroenterol J. 2013; 1: 140-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640613484021
Gibson PG, Henry RL, Coughlan JJL. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; CD001496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001496
Chan WW, Chiou E, Obstein KL, Tignor AS, Whitlock TL. The efficacy of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of asthma in adults: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2011; 171: 620-629. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.116
Meier JH, McNally PR, Punja M, et al. Does omeprazole (Prilosec) improve respiratory function in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux? A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Dig Dis Sci. 1994; 39: 2127-2133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02090360
Harding SM, Richter JE, Guzzo MR, Schan CA, Alexander RW, Bradley LA. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux: acid suppressive therapy improves asthma outcome. Am J Med. 1996; 100: 395-405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89514-9
Sandur V, Murugesh M, Banait V, et al. Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in patients with difficult to control asthma and effect of proton pump inhibitor therapy on asthma symptoms, reflux symptoms, pulmonary function and requirement for asthma medications. J Postgrad Med. 2014; 60: 282-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.138754
Littner MR, Leung FW, Ballard ED, Huang B, Samra NK, Group LAS. Effects of 24 weeks of lansoprazole therapy on asthma symptoms, exacerbations, quality of life, and pulmonary function in adult asthmatic patients with acid reflux symptoms. Chest. 2005; 128: 1128-1135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.3.1128
Kiljander TO, Harding SM, Field SK, et al. Effects of esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily on asthma: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006; 173: 1091-1097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200507-1167OC
Perrin-Fayolle M, Gormand F, Braillon G, et al. Long-term results of surgical treatment for gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatic patients. Chest. 1989; 96: 40-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.96.1.40
Ekström T, Johansson KE. Effects of anti-reflux surgery on chronic cough and asthma in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Respir Med. 2000; 94: 1166-1170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2000.0944
SJ, O'Connell S, Khandelwal S, et al. Asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux: long term results of a randomized trial of medical and surgical antireflux therapies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98: 987-999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(03)00283-1
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2018 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
