An overview of melanoma and non-melanoma cancers: An updated review

Mona Mudlah Alsaadi; Albandary Saad Alseaib; Norah Mubarak Alomayrah; Norah Faraj M Alqanoor; Saud Dakhel Alanazi; Ibrahim Muhammad Al-Arej; Abdullatif Suliman Alsayegh; Bader Sayah Alanezi

doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6nS10.15304

Authors

Mona Mudlah Alsaadi KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Albandary Saad Alseaib KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Norah Mubarak Alomayrah KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Norah Faraj M Alqanoor KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Saud Dakhel Alanazi KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Ibrahim Muhammad Al-Arej KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Abdullatif Suliman Alsayegh KSA, National Guard Health Affairs
Bader Sayah Alanezi KSA, National Guard Health Affairs

Keywords:

skin cancer, melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, ultraviolet radiation, biomarkers, early detection, risk stratification

Abstract

Background: Skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United States, with melanoma as the fifth most common. Despite melanoma constituting only 1% of skin cancer cases, it is responsible for a disproportionate number of deaths. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) account for over 5 million cases annually. Public awareness of sunburn and its risks remains low, contributing to high incidences of skin cancer and treatment costs, which have surged significantly in recent years. Aim: This review aims to explore emerging biomarkers for melanoma and NMSC to facilitate early detection and risk stratification among high-risk populations. Methods: The review analyzes literature on the relationship between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, genetic mutations, and biomarkers associated with melanoma and NMSC development. It focuses on various classes of biomarkers, including those related to susceptibility, exposure, and prognosis. Results: UVR exposure is a well-established risk factor for both melanoma and NMSC, leading to mutations, particularly in the TP53 gene. Various susceptibility markers have been identified, including the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification and the presence of nevi. Emerging biomarkers, such as transcriptomic alterations in melanocytes and the identification of “hyperhotspots” in the genome sensitive to UVR, provide promising avenues for risk assessment.

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