Advancements and challenges in nanotheranostics for cancer: A comprehensive review

Abstract

Background: The area of nano theranostics, which combines therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities on nanoscale platforms, has the potential to completely transform the way cancer is treated. Despite considerable progress, clinical translation encounters obstacles, including variances in physiological responses between animal models and people, as well as issues related to toxicity and effectiveness. Nanomedicine employs diverse nanoparticles, such as liposomes and gold nanoparticles, to address the shortcomings of traditional cancer therapies. Methods: This work examines the developments and difficulties in the field of nanotheranostics for the treatment of cancer, with an emphasis on the creation of "intelligent" nanocarriers that combine treatments and diagnostics. The assessment encompasses tactics such as passive and active targeting, along with stimuli-responsive systems, emphasizing the potential of radionuclide integration for improved tumor imaging and therapy. Results: Through real-time medication distribution monitoring and controlled release mechanisms, nanotheranostics show the potential to enhance therapeutic effectiveness and safety. Nonetheless, challenges like toxicity, regulatory approval, and scalability impede their clinical translation. Conclusion: To overcome present obstacles and bring nanotheranostics into the mainstream of cancer treatment, teamwork and creative thinking are essential. This emphasizes the need for better preclinical models, updated manufacturing processes, and increased biocompatibility.