Statics in orthodontic
Keywords:
Statistics, Orthodontics, BiostatisticsAbstract
The knowledge of statistical analysis is essential before planning any research study or undergoing any orthodontic treatment. Clinical studies often compare the efficacy of a new treatment in a study group with the efficacy of conventional treatment or with a control group. Aside from a pure description, we should know whether the observed differences between the treatment groups are just random or are really present. This article informs the reader about frequently used statistical tests and their application in orthodontics and also provides a brief overview of the type of statistical tests to analyze research data with its examples.
Downloads
References
Baumrind S: A Clinical Orthodontist Looks at Statistics. Semin Orthod. 2002;8: 102-109.
Daniel W W: Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. Wiley John & Sons, Inc. 9thed. 2009;Chapter 14,Vital Statistics: p764-779.
Rinchuse D,Zullo T: The Trend Toward Increased Use of Statistics in Published Orthodontic Articles. Angle Orthod. 1986;7:94-98.
Proffit W R: Who said that? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1985;87:34-39.
Fienberg S E: A Brief History Of Statistics in Three and One-Half Chapters: A Review Essay. Stat Sci. 1992;2:208-225.
Matthews J R: History of Biostatistics. In Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Armitage, P. and Colton, T. Wiley, Chichester U.K. 2005;4:1-5.
Matthews J R: History of Biostatistics. European Medical Writer Assoc. Medical Writing. 2016;25:3.
Kanji G K: History of the Development of Statistics in India. J Appl Stat. 1981;8:157-167.
Akdeniz F, Dönmez D: The History of Statistics in the Ottoman Empire.Am Stat Assoc. 1999;12:37-39.
Garn S M:Statistics: A Review. Ann Math Stat.1958;28:149-165.
Jain S et al. Statistical Tests in Dental Research. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Sciences Research 2015; 3(3): 38 -45.
Torres D, Normando D. Biostatistics: essential concepts for the clinician. Dental Press J Orthod. 2021;26(1).
Rozeboom W:The Fallacy of the Null-Hypothesis Significance Test. Psychol Bull. 1960;57:416-428.
Tu Y K, Pandis N:Analyzing longitudinal orthodontic data. Part 3:Multilevel nonlinear growth models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:779-82.
Yancey J M:Ten rules for reading clinical research. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109:559.
Goodman S N, Royall R:Evidence and Scientific Research. Am J Public Health 1988;78:1568-1574.
Polychronopoulou A, Pandis N and Eliades T:Appropriateness of reporting statistical results in orthodontics: the dominance of P values over confidence intervals. Eur J Orthod. 2011;3:22–25.
Hoenig J M, Heisey D M: The Abuse of Power. Am Stat. 2001;55:19-24.
Pandis N: The P value problem. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:150-1.
O'Brien P C:Procedures for Comparing Samples with Multiple Endpoints. Biometrics. 1984;40:1079-1087.
Bartlett N S.,Govindarajulu Z:Some Distribution-Free Statistics And Their Application To The Selection Problem.Ann Inst Stat Math. 1968;20:79-97.
Gupta S S, Sobel M:On Selecting A Subset Containing The Population With The Smallest Variance. Biometrika. 1962;49:495.
Harrison J E, Ashby D, Lennon:An Analysis of Papers Published in the British and European Journals of Orthodontics. Br J Orthod. 1996;23:203-209.
Moher D, Dulberg C S,Wells G A:Statistical Power, Sample Size and Their Reporting In Randomized Controlled Trials. JAMA. 1994;272:2-7.
Chalmers T C, Jerome B, Lee S:Controlled Studies In Clinical Cancer Research. N Engl J Med. 1972;8:76-79.
Pandis N:The evidence pyramid and introduction to randomized controlled trials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:446-7.
Pandis N:Use of controls in clinical trials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:250-1.
Dersimonian R, Charette L J, Mcpeek B, Mosteller F:ReportingOn Methods In Clinical Trials.N Engl J Med. 1982;306:1332-7.
Pierce D A: On Some Difficulties In A Frequency Theory Of Inference. Ann Stat. 1973;1:241-250.
Goodman S N:Toward Evidence-Based Medical Statistics 2: The Bayes Factor.Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:1005-1013.
Baumrind S:Unbiased Quantitative Testing of Conventional Orthodontic Beliefs.Semin Orthod. 1998;4:3-16.
Rinchuse DJ, Close JM, Rinchuse DL, Law SV, Rinchuse DN:Summary of statistics in American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics articles published in 2003. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:511-5.
Shears R D, Pankratz V S: Common Statistical Tests. Semin Orthod. 2002;8:77-86.
Wallman K K: Enhancing Statistical Literacy: Enriching Our Society. J Am Stat Asso.1993;88:1-8.
Schafer R E, Rutemiller H C:Some Characteristics of a Ranking Procedure for Population Parameters Based on Chi-Square Statistics. Technometrics. 1975;17:327-331.
Mantel N:Chi-Square Tests with One Degree of Freedom; Extensions of the Mantel- Haenszel Procedure. J Am Stat Assoc. 1963;58:690-700.
ZiefflerA,Garfield J, Alt S, Dupuis D,Holleque K ,Chang B:What Does Research Suggest About the Teaching and Learning of Introductory Statistics at the College Level? A Review of the Literature. J Stat Educ. 2008;16:1-25.
Bond M E, Perkins S N, Ramirez C:Students’ Perceptions Of Statistics: An Exploration Of Attitudes, Conceptualizations, And Content Knowledge Of Statistics. Statistics Education Research Journal. 2012;11:6-25.
Robert D M, Bilderback S W:Reliability and Validity of a Statistics Attitude Survey. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1980;40: 235.
Papadopoulos M A, Gkiaouris I:A critical evaluation of meta-analyses in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:589-99.
Papadopoulos M A:Meta-Analyses and Orthodontic Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in the 21st Century. The Open Dentistry Journal. 2010;4:92-123.
Spanou A, Koletsi D, Fleming P S ,Polychronopoulou A, Pandis N:Statistical analysis in orthodontic journals: are we ignoring confounding? Eur J Orthod. 2015;66:1–7.
Turpin D L: CONSORT and QUOROM guidelines for reporting randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:681-6.
Wallach JD, Sullivan PG, Trepanowski JF et al: Evaluation of Evidence of Statistical Support and Corroboration of Subgroup Claims in Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:554-560.
Pandis N:Sources of bias in clinical trials. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:595-6.
Pandis N:Cluster-randomized controlled trials: Part 1. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:276-7.
Spanou A, Koletsi D, Fleming P S ,Polychronopoulou A, Pandis N:Statistical analysis in orthodontic journals: are we ignoring confounding? Eur J Orthod. 2015;66:1–7.
Tu Y K, Chiu Y W, Pandis N:Analyzing longitudinal orthodontic data. Part 1: Multilevel linear and curvilinear models.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:481-6.
Tu Y K, Pandis N:Analyzing longitudinal orthodontic data. Part 2: Nonlinear growth models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:628-31.
Tu Y K, Pandis N:Analyzing longitudinal orthodontic data. Part 4: Latent growth curve models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;144:927-30.
Pandis N: Cluster-randomized controlled trials: Part 2. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;142:422-3.
Feinstein A R,Koss N:The Changing Emphasis in Clinical Research . Ann Intern Med. 1970;125:40-52.
Armitage P, Gehan E A: Statistical Methods For The Identification And Use Of Prognostic Factors. Int J Cancer. 1974;13:16-36.
Gore S M, Jones I G, Rytter E C:Misuse of statistical methods: critical assessment of articles in BMJ from January to March 1976. Br Med J. 1977;11:50-53.
Murray G D:The task of a statistical referee. Br J Surg. 1988;75:664-667.
Cicchetti D V,Conn H O: A Statistical Analysis of Reviewer Agreement and Bias in Evaluating Medical Abstracts. Yale J Biol Med. 1976;49:373-383.
Pandis N: Calculating the P value and carrying out a statistical test.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:187-8.
Walter S D:Statistical Significance And Fragility Criteria For Assessing A Difference Of Two Proportions. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:1373-4378.
Strasak A M, Pfeiffer K P, Göbel G: Statistical errors in medical research - a review of common pitfalls. Swiss med wkly. 2007;137:44–49.
Ercan I, Özkaya G, Cangur S, Kant I:MisusageOfStatistics In Medical Research. Eur J Gen Med. 2007;4:128-134.
Johnston Jr L E:Statistics as a Second Language:A Brief Overview for the Wary Clinician. Semin Orthod. 2002;8:54-61.
Cioffi I, Martina R, Michelotti A,Chiodini P, Tagliaferri R, FarellaM:Web-based randomised controlled trials in orthodontics. Evid Based Dent. 2008;9:118-119.
Law S V, Chudasama D N, Rinchuse D J:Evidence-based orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:952–956.
Scotch M , Duggal M, Brandt ,Lin Z, Shiffman R C:Use of statistical analysis in the biomedical informatics literature. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2010;17:3–5.
Rinchuse D J, Sweitzer E M, Rinchuse D L:Understanding science and evidence-based decision making in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:618-24.
Mulimani P S: Evidence-based practice and the evidence pyramid: A 21st century orthodontic odyssey. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2017;152:1-8.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.








