Antimicrobial effect of Triphala mediated gold nanoparticles and its based indigenous mouthrinse against common oral pathogens
An in vitro study
Keywords:
nanoparticles, triphala, green chemistry, mouthwash, antimicrobialAbstract
The aim of the study was to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNP’s) by using triphala plant extract and to evaluate antimicrobial activity of gold nanoparticles and its based mouthwash. This study used a triphala extract for nanoparticle synthesis in combination with gold chloride (AuCl2). The AuNP’s were characterized for shape and size using (Transmission electron microscopy) TEM analyses and UV vis spectrophotometry. The gold nanoparticle-based mouthwash (10ml) was prepared using 600 µL nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar gel diffusion method. To determine the antimicrobial activity of AuNp’s, the inhibition zones were measured for: Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Albicans at 25µL, 50µL ,100µL concentration and at 25µL ,50µL, 100 µL concentration for mouthwash. AuNP’s showed excellent antimicrobial activity against C. Albicans, S. mutans as compared to S. aureus, E. faecalis which showed good antimicrobial activity with phenomenal activity at 100 µL concentration. Mouthwash showed significant activity against S. aureus and good activity against, E. faecalis, C. Albicans and S. mutans with highest activity at 100 µL. At concentrations of 25 µL, 50 µL, moderate antimicrobial potential was elicited by AuNP’s and mouthwash. Significant antimicrobial activity was elicited by AuNP’s against commonly present oral microorganisms.
Downloads
References
Rajeshkumar S, Malarkodi C, Gnanajobitha G, Paulkumar K, Vanaja M, Kannan C, et al. Seaweed-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Turbinaria conoides and its characterization . Vol. 3, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2013.
Chen H, Zhou K, Zhao G. Gold nanoparticles: From synthesis, properties to their potential application as colorimetric sensors in food safety screening . Vol. 78, Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2018. p. 83–94.
Cao W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li Q, Xiao Y, Li P, et al. Novel resin-based dental material with anti-biofilm activity and improved mechanical property by incorporating hydrophilic cationic copolymer functionalized nanodiamond. Vol. 29, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2018.
Casini A, Sun RW-Y, Ott I. Medicinal Chemistry of Gold Anticancer Metallodrugs. Met Ions Life Sci . 2018 Feb 5;18.
Cao W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Li Q, Xing X, et al. Development of a novel resin-based dental material with dual biocidal modes and sustained release of Ag ions based on photocurable core-shell AgBr/cationic polymer nanocomposites . Vol. 28, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2017.
Ponnanikajamideen M, Rajeshkumar S, Vanaja M, Annadurai G. In Vivo Type 2 Diabetes and Wound-Healing Effects of Antioxidant Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized Using the Insulin Plant Chamaecostus cuspidatus in Albino Rats . Vol. 43, Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2019. p. 82–9.e6.
Jayarambabu N, Akshaykranth A, Venkatappa Rao T, Venkateswara Rao K, Rakesh Kumar R. Green synthesis of Cu nanoparticles using Curcuma longa extract and their application in antimicrobial activity . Vol. 259, Materials Letters. 2020. p. 126813.
Chatterjee S, Manohar B, Shetty N, Mathur A, Makhijani B. Triphala - An Indigenous Ayurvedic Mouthwash As An Anti-Inflammatory Agent - A Clinical Study . Vol. 1, Journal of Nepalese Society of Periodontology and Oral Implantology. 2017. p. 60–4.
Saxena S. Anti Bacterial Efficacy of Terminalia Chebula, Terminalia Bellirica, Embilica Officinalis and Triphala on Salivary Streptococcus Mutans Count – A Linear Randomized Cross Over Trial . Journal of clinical and diagnostic research. 2017.
Prabu D, Sindhu R. Triphala and its efficacy in treating gingival diseases: A systematic review . Vol. 10, Journal of International Oral Health. 2018. p. 267.
Chainani S, Siddana S, Reddy C, Thippeswamy M, Maurya M, Rudraswamy S. Antimicrobial activity of Triphala on Lactobacilli and Candida albicans: An in vitro study . Vol. 7, Journal of Orofacial Sciences. 2015. p. 104.
Mishra R, Chandrashekar K, Tripathi V, Hazari A, Sabu B, Sahu A. Comparative evaluation of efficacy of 0.2% sodium hypochlorite (Hi Wash) mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque-induced gingivitis: A clinical trial . Vol. 23, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2019. p. 534.
Mamgain P, Kandwal A, Mamgain RK. Comparative Evaluation of Triphala and Ela Decoction With 0.2% Chlorhexidine as Mouthwash in the Treatment of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis and Halitosis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Jul;22(3):468–72.
Gupta D, Gupta RK, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta V. Comparative evaluation of terminalia chebula extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on plaque and gingival inflammation - 4-week randomised control trial. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015;13(1):5–12.
Naiktari RS, Gaonkar P, Gurav AN, Khiste SV. A randomized clinical trial to evaluate and compare the efficacy of triphala mouthwash with 0.2% chlorhexidine in hospitalized patients with periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2014 Jun;44(3):134–40.
Aljabali AAA, Akkam Y, Al Zoubi MS, Al-Batayneh KM, Al-Trad B, Abo Alrob O, et al. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Ziziphus zizyphus and their Antimicrobial Activity. Nanomaterials (Basel) . 2018 Mar 19;8(3).
Sana SS, Dogiparthi LK. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Givotia moluccana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity . Vol. 226, Materials Letters. 2018. p. 47–51.
Khan SA, Shahid S, Lee C-S. Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum inerme; Characterization, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities . Vol. 10, Biomolecules. 2020. p. 835.
Sadeghi B. Zizyphus mauritiana extract-mediated green and rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity . Vol. 5, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2015. p. 265–73.
Yuan C, Huo C, Gui B, Cao W. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus maxima peel extract and their catalytic/antibacterial activities . Vol. 11, IET Nanobiotechnology. 2017. p. 523–30.
Hernández-Sierra JF, Ruiz F, Pena DCC, Martínez-Gutiérrez F, Martínez AE, Guillén A de JP, et al. The antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans to nanoparticles of silver, zinc oxide, and gold. Nanomedicine. 2008 Sep;4(3):237–40.
Linjawi AI. Sealants and White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020 Jul 1;21(7):808–14.
Shankar D, Choudhary S, Naik S, Dutta KD, Singh AK. Anti Disclosing Chlorhexidine Mouthwash Versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Orthodontic Patients: A Comparative Clinical Study . Vol. 7, International Journal of Contemporary Medicine. 2019. p. 87.
Kumar V, . A, Pratap M. Comparison of The Effectiveness of Probiotic and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinses on Plaque Accumulation and Gingival Inflammation . International Journal of Drug Research And Dental Science. 2019. p. 1–5.
John DNNDJ, John NND. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal and Chlorhexidine Mouth rinse - A systematic review . Vol. 2, IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2012. p. 5–10.
Addy M, Moran JM. Evaluation of oral hygiene products: science is true; don’t be misled by the facts . Vol. 15, Periodontology 2000. 1997. p. 40–51.
Van Leeuwen MPC, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. Essential Oils Compared to Chlorhexidine With Respect to Plaque and Parameters of Gingival Inflammation: A Systematic Review . Vol. 82, Journal of Periodontology. 2011. p. 174–94.
Chhina S, Singh A, Menon I, Singh R, Sharma A, Aggarwal V. A randomized clinical study for comparative evaluation of Aloe Vera and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash efficacy on de-novo plaque formation. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016 May;6(3):251–5.
Balalakshmi C, Gopinath K, Govindarajan M, Lokesh R, Arumugam A, Alharbi NS, et al. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a cheap Sphaeranthus indicus extract: Impact on plant cells and the aquatic crustacean Artemia nauplii. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017 Aug;173:598–605.
Tambekar DH, Khante BS, Chandak BR, TItare AS, Boralkar SS, Aghadte SN. Screening of antibacterial potentials of some medicinal plants from Melghat forest in India . Vol. 6, African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2010.
Huang X, El-Sayed MA. Gold nanoparticles: Optical properties and implementations in cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy . Vol. 1, Journal of Advanced Research. 2010. p. 13–28.
Coman C, Leopold LF, Rugină OD, Barbu-Tudoran L, Leopold N, Tofană M, et al. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles by Allium sativum extract and their assessment as SERS substrate . Vol. 16, Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2014.
Chen H, Zhou K, Zhao G. Gold nanoparticles: From synthesis, properties to their potential application as colorimetric sensors in food safety screening . Vol. 78, Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2018. p. 83–94.
Saqr AA, Al Saqr A, Khafagy E-S, Alalaiwe A, Aldawsari MF, Alshahrani SM, et al. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Using Green Machinery: Characterization and In Vitro Toxicity . Vol. 11, Nanomaterials. 2021. p. 808.
Shukla AK, Iravani S. Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanoparticles. Elsevier; 2018. 548 p.
El-Batal AI, Hashem A-AM, Abdelbaky NM. Gamma radiation mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using fermented soybean-garlic aqueous extract and their antimicrobial activity . Vol. 2, SpringerPlus. 2013.
Hamelian M, Varmira K, Veisi H. Green synthesis and characterizations of gold nanoparticles using Thyme and survey cytotoxic effect, antibacterial and antioxidant potential . Vol. 184, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2018. p. 71–9.
Kumar KM, Mandal BK, Sinha M, Krishnakumar V. Terminalia chebula mediated green and rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles . Vol. 86, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2012. p. 490–4.
Veeraapandian S, Sawant SN, Doble M. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Protein Capped Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Escherichia coli . Vol. 8, Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology. 2012. p. 140–8.
Johnson MJ, Thatcher E, Cox ME. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Anaerobic Bacteria with Use of the Disk Diffusion Method . Vol. 20, Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1995. p. S334–6.
Bhat SS, Hegde SK, Palit M. Effectiveness of Mouthrinse formulated from Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Count and pH among 8- to 12-year-old School Children of Karnataka: A Randomized Clinical Trial . Vol. 9, International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2016. p. 349–54.
Carounanidy U, Satyanarayanan R, Velmurugan A. Use of an aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent: a clinical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2007 Oct;18(4):152–6.
Nayak SS, Kumar BRA, Ankola AV, Hebbal M. The efficacy of Terminalia chebula rinse on Streptococcus mutans count in saliva and its effect on salivary pH. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2010;8(1):55–8.
Nayak SS, Metgud SC, Bolmal UK. An in vitro Study to determine the Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Its Formulation on Streptococcus mutans . Vol. 15, The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2014. p. 278–82.
Jagtap AG, Karkera SG. Potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula as an anticaries agent. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Dec 15;68(1-3):299–306.
Junevičius J, Žilinskas J, Česaitis K, Česaitienė G, Gleiznys D, Maželienė Ž. Antimicrobial activity of silver and gold in toothpastes: A comparative analysis. Stomatologija. 2015;17(1):9–12.
AlKahtani RN. The implications and applications of nanotechnology in dentistry: A review . Vol. 30, The Saudi Dental Journal. 2018. p. 107–16.
Abadi MFD, Mehrabian S, Asghari B, Namvar AE, Ezzatifar F, Lari AR. Silver nanoparticles as active ingredient used for alcohol-free mouthwash. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2013 Apr 29;8(1):Doc05.
Barma MD, Kannan SD, Indiran MA, Rajeshkumar S, Pradeep Kumar R. Antibacterial Activity of Mouthwash Incorporated with Silica Nanoparticles against S. aureus, S. mutans, E. faecalis: An in-vitro Study . Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2020. p. 25–33.
Al-Sharani AA, Al-Hajj W, Al-Shamahy HA, Jaadan BM. The effect of nanosilver and chlorhexidine mouthwash on anaerobic periodontal pathogens counts . Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2019.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
