Comparing functional versus absolute iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease patients

Authors

  • Rashmi Verma Assistant professor, department of medicine, AIIMS, Bhopal, India
  • Deepshikha Professor, department of medicine, BRD Medical college, Gorakhpur, India
  • Sourabh Singh AIIMS, Bhopal, India
  • Amit Kumar AIIMS, Bhopal, India

Keywords:

functional, absolute iron deficiency, chronic kidney disease, patients

Abstract

Background:  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a noteworthy public health concern, often leading to complications as kidney function declines. Anemia is a common early complication linked to reduced quality of life, increased cardiovascular risks, mortality, and progression to end-stage kidney disease. Iron deficiency is an adjustable risk factor for cardiovascular and renal damage. Two forms of iron deficiency exist absolute, characterized by depleted iron stores, and functional, with inaccessible iron stores despite normal or increased total body iron. The prevalence of Anemia in CKD patients ranges from 8.4%-53%, but the specific prevalence of absolute and functional iron deficiency remains majorly unreported. Materials and methods: Demographic details, previous blood reports (Iron Profile including Serum Iron, Total iron binding capacity, Transferrin saturation, Ferritin), and medical and treatment history were taken. Data analysis was done on SPSS software. Results and Discussion: A total of 70 CKD patients were evaluated in this study. We compared functional and absolute iron deficiency in them. Both types raise the risk of cardiovascular hospitalization; however, absolute iron deficiency may be managed with medical means. These dual deficiencies coexist in a significant CKD population. Anemia in CKD stems from various factors, including erythropoietin deficiency and disordered iron regulation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Awan AA, Walther CP, Richardson PA, Shah M, Winkelmayer WC, Navaneethan SD. Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of absolute and functional iron deficiency anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021 Jan 1;36(1):129-136.

Batchelor EK, Kapitsinou P, Pergola PE, Kovesdy CP, Jalal DI. Iron Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease: Updates on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Mar;31(3):456-468.

Dalmau J, Rosenfeld MR; (2015). Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and autoimmune encephalitis. In D Kasper, A Fauci, S Hauser, D Longo, J Jameson and J Loscalzo (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed., pp. 1818). McGraw -Hill.

Eisenga MF, Nolte IM, van der Meer P, Bakker SJL, Gaillard CAJM. Association of different iron deficiency cutoffs with adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2018 Sep 12;19(1):225.

Gafter-Gvili A, Schechter A, Rozen-Zvi B. Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Acta Haematol. 2019;142(1):44-50. doi: 10.1159/000496492. Epub 2019 Apr 10. PMID: 30970355.

Ganz T. Molecular control of iron transport. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Feb;18(2):394-400. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006070802. Epub 2007 Jan 17.

Guedes M, Muenz DG, Zee J, Bieber B, Stengel B, Massy ZA, Mansencal N, Wong MMY, Charytan DM, Reichel H, Waechter S, Pisoni RL, Robinson BM, Pecoits-Filho R; CKDopps Investigators. Serum Biomarkers of Iron Stores Are Associated with Increased Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Nondialysis CKD Patients, with or without Anemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021 Aug;32(8):2020-2030.

Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Curhan GC. Epidemiology of anemia associated with chronic renal insufficiency among adults in the United States: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Feb;13(2):504-510.

Jurkovitz CT, Abramson JL, Vaccarino LV, Weintraub WS, McClellan WM. Association of high serum creatinine and anemia increases the risk of coronary events: results from the prospective community-based atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003 Nov;14(11):2919-25.

KDOQI; National Kidney Foundation. II. Clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease in adults. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 May;47(5 Suppl 3):S16-85.

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Anemia Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2012, 2: 288–335

Kovesdy CP, Trivedi BK, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Anderson JE. Association of anemia with outcomes in men with moderate and severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2006 Feb;69(3):560-4.

Lopes MB, Tu C, Zee J, Guedes M, Pisoni RL, Robinson BM, Foote B, Hedman K, James G, Lopes AA, Massy Z, Reichel H, Sloand J, Waechter S, Wong MMY, Pecoits-Filho R. A real-world longitudinal study of anemia management in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients: a multinational analysis of CKDopps. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 19;11(1):1784.

Minutolo R, Locatelli F, Gallieni M, Bonofiglio R, Fuiano G, Oldrizzi L, Conte G, De Nicola L, Mangione F, Esposito P, Dal Canton A; REport of COmorbidities in non-Dialysis Renal Disease Population in Italy (RECORD-IT) Study Group. Anaemia management in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: a multicentre prospective study in renal clinics. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013 Dec;28(12):3035-45.

Mujais SK, Story K, Brouillette J, Takano T, Soroka S, Franek C, Mendelssohn D, Finkelstein FO. Health-related quality of life in CKD Patients: correlates and evolution over time. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009 Aug;4(8):1293-301. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05541008. Epub 2009 Jul 30.

Panwar B, Gutiérrez OM. Disorders of Iron Metabolism and Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol. 2016 Jul;36(4):252-61.

Pergola PE, Fishbane S, Ganz T. Novel oral iron therapies for iron deficiency anemia in chronic kidney disease. Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2019 Jul 1;26(4):272-91.

Stack AG, Alghali A, Li X, Ferguson JP, Casserly LF, Cronin CJ, Reddan DN, Hussein W, Elsayed ME. Quality of care and practice patterns in anaemia management at specialist kidney clinics in Ireland: a national study. Clin Kidney J. 2018 Feb;11(1):99-107. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfx060. Epub 2017 Jul 13.

Stancu S, Bârsan L, Stanciu A, Mircescu G. Can the response to iron therapy be predicted in anemic nondialysis patients with chronic kidney disease? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Mar;5(3):409-16. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04280609. Epub 2009 Dec 17. Erratum in: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Nov.

Stancu S, Stanciu A, Zugravu A, Bârsan L, Dumitru D, Lipan M, Mircescu G. Bone marrow iron, iron indices, and the response to intravenous iron in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Apr;55(4):639-47. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.10.043. Epub 2010 Jan 15. Erratum in: Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 Nov.

Stauffer ME, Fan T. Prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease in the United States. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 2;9(1):e84943.

Wong MMY, Tu C, Li Y, Perlman RL, Pecoits-Filho R, Lopes AA, Narita I, Reichel H, Port FK, Sukul N, Stengel B, Robinson BM, Massy ZA, Pisoni RL; CKDopps Investigators. Anemia and iron deficiency among chronic kidney disease Stages 3-5ND patients in the Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study: often unmeasured, variably treated. Clin Kidney J. 2019 Aug 3;13(4):613-624.

World Health Organization. Anaemia. https://www.who.int/topics/anaemia/en/ (23 October 2023, date last accessed)

Published

25-12-2021

How to Cite

Verma, R., Deepshikha, D., Singh, S., & Kumar, A. (2021). Comparing functional versus absolute iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease patients. International Journal of Health Sciences, 5(S2), 1275–1286. Retrieved from https://sciencescholar.us/journal/index.php/ijhs/article/view/14623

Issue

Section

Peer Review Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>