Effective management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Current approaches for pharmacists, emergency medical services, and updated role of health information
Keywords:
Gastrointestinal bleeding, hemodynamic stabilization, endoscopy, CT angiography, multidisciplinary care, emergency medical servicesAbstract
Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage, a significant health concern particularly among the elderly, is a leading cause of hospital admissions for gastrointestinal disorders. The condition can be present as hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena, with varying etiologies based on the site of bleeding. Management of GI bleeding is complex and varies according to the stability of the patient and the source of bleeding. Aim: This article aims to review current approaches for the effective management of acute GI hemorrhage, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies employed by pharmacists and emergency medical services. Also, review will focus on the role of health information systems for the management and controlling GI hemorrhage in future responses. Methods: A comprehensive review of management practices was conducted, including initial evaluation, resuscitation strategies, and diagnostic procedures. Emphasis was placed on the roles of endoscopy, imaging studies, and multidisciplinary care in the management of both stable and unstable GI bleeding. Results: Effective management starts with hemodynamic stabilization and involves the use of crystalloid resuscitation and blood transfusions as needed. Endoscopy is preferred for stable cases of upper and lower GI bleeding, performed within 24 hours of presentation.
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