Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among COVID-19 patients
A cross-sectional study
Keywords:
vitamin D, COVID-19, co-morbidityAbstract
To determine the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among COVID-19 patients. The present study was conducted at Rural Tertiary Care Centre Designated COVID Care Hospital, MMIMSR Mullana Ambala, Haryana, India. The duration of the study was 1.5 months (Aug 2020 to Sep 2020). Those who tested positive in RT-PCR were taken from the wards and Flu clinic of the hospital. To calculate the sample size for cross-sectional study, enough literature for Vitamin D and COVID-19 in India was not available. Therefore, all patients were enrolled consecutively over 1.5 months. Data were collected on a pre-validated Case Recording Form. The demographic data of all the COIVD-19 patients were recorded. Comorbid conditions like diabetes and hyper- tension were also recorded. History of alcohol consumption and smoking was recorded. The sample for Vitamin D along with routine investigations was sent and the level of Vitamin D was estimated using chemiluminescence-based immunoassay analyzer. To understand the Vitamin D status among the different groups, deficiency, and insufficiency were calculated separately and compared. This study included 200 COVID-19 patients. Among total patients, males (57.5%) were represented more than females (42.5%). The mean age of the patients was 45.56 ± 26.23 years.
Downloads
References
Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR. Covid-19 - Navigating the Uncharted. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 26;382(13):1268-1269.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.e8.
Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Mar;19(3):141-154.
The Lancet Infectious Diseases. COVID-19, a pandemic or not?Lancet Infect Dis, S1473-3099(20)30180-8
COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic 2021. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries. Last accessed on Jaunary 24, 2022
Kordzadeh-Kermani E, Khalili H, Karimzadeh I. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Future Microbiol. 2020 Sep;15:1287-1305.
Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. JAMA. 2020 Aug 25;324(8):782-793.
Wolff D, Nee S, Hickey NS, Marschollek M. Risk factors for Covid-19 severity and fatality: a structured literature review. Infection. 2021 Feb;49(1):15-28.
Snowden LR, Graaf G. COVID-19, Social Determinants Past, Present, and Future, and African Americans' Health. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021 Feb;8(1):12-20.
Khunti K, Singh AK, Pareek M, Hanif W. Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of covid-19? BMJ. 2020 Apr 20;369:m1548.
M. Wacker, M.F. Holick. Sunlight and vitamin D: a global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol, 5 (1) (2013), pp. 51-108
N. Charoenngam, A. Shirvani, M.F. Holick. Vitamin D for skeletal and non-skeletal health: what we should know. J ClinOrthop Trauma, 10 (6) (2019), pp. 1082-1093
M.F. Holick. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med, 357 (3) (2007), pp. 266-281
M.F. Holick, N.C. Binkley, H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J ClinEndocrinolMetab, 96 (7) (2011), pp. 1911-1930
Bouillon R., Marcocci C., Carmeliet G., Bikle D., White J.H., Dawson-Hughes B. Skeletal and Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):1109–1151.
El-Hajj Fuleihan G., Bouillon R., Clarke B., Chakhtoura M., Cooper C., McClung M. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: variability, knowledge gaps, and the concept of a desirable range. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(7):1119–1133.
Chakhtoura M., Chamoun N., Rahme M., El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on falls and fractures—a critical appraisal of the quality of the evidence and an overview of the available guidelines. Bone. 2020;131:115112.
Mehta S, Nain P, Agrawal BK, Singh RP, Kaur J, Maity S, Bhattacharjee A, Peela J, Nauhria S, Nauhria S. Effectiveness of Empagliflozin With Vitamin D Supplementation in Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Cureus. 2021 Dec 6;13(12):e20208
Holick MF. Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(2):73–78.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Clinical management proto- col: COVID-19; 2020:13. Available from: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ClinicalManagementProtocolforCOVID19. pdf. Accessed on January 24, 2022.
Martineau AR, Forouhi NG. Vitamin D for COVID-19: a case to answer? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):735–736. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30268-0
Selvin E, Juraschek SP. Diabetes epidemiology in the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(8):1690–1694. doi:10.2337/ dc20-1295
Fang M, Wang D, Tang O, Selvin E. Prevalence of chronic disease in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and U.S. Adults (2017–2018). Diabetes Care. 2020;43(10):e127–e128. doi:10.2337/dc20-1640
Kimberly E, Ng JPR. The effect of COVID-19 on patients with diabetes. US Pharm. 2020;45(11):9–12.
Riddle MC, Bakris G, Blonde L, et al. A lesson from 2020: public health matters for both COVID-19 and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):8–10.
Klein SL, Pekosz A, Park H-S, et al. Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor population. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(11):6141–6150.
J.J. Cannell, R. Vieth, J.C. Umhau, et al., Epidemic influenza and vitamin D., Epidemiol, Infect 134 (2006) 1129–1140
A.A. Ginde, J.M. Mansbach, C.A. Camargo, Association between serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the third national health and nutrition examination survey, Arch. Intern. Med. 2009;169:384–390
A.R. Martineau, D.A. Jolliffe, R.L. Hooper, et al., Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data, BMJ 356 (2017) i6583
Ye K, Tang F, Liao X, Shaw BA, Deng M, Huang G, Qin Z, Peng X, Xiao H, Chen C, Liu X, Ning L, Wang B, Tang N, Li M, Xu F, Lin S, Yang J. Does Serum Vitamin D Level Affect COVID-19 Infection and Its Severity?-A Case-Control Study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021 Nov-Dec;40(8):724-731.
Singh S, Nimavat N, Kumar Singh A, Ahmad S, Sinha N. Prevalence of Low Level of Vitamin D Among COVID-19 Patients and Associated Risk Factors in India - A Hospital-Based Study. Int J Gen Med. 2021 Jun 15;14:2523-2531.
Mamani M, Muceli N, GhasemiBasir HR, Vasheghani M, Poorolajal J. Association between serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and community-acquired pneumonia: a case-control study. Int J Gen Med. 2017 Nov 13;10:423-429.
Talebi F, RasooliNejad M, Yaseri M, Hadadi A. Association of Vitamin D Status with the Severity and Mortality of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Iran during 2016-2017: A Prospective Cohort Study. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2019 Apr;8(1):85-90.
Vo P, Koppel C, Espinola JA, Mansbach JM, Celedón JC, Hasegawa K, Bair-Merritt M, Camargo CA Jr. Vitamin D Status at the Time of Hospitalization for Bronchiolitis and Its Association with Disease Severity. J Pediatr. 2018 Dec;203:416-422.e1.
Ricci A, Pagliuca A, D'Ascanio M, Innammorato M, De Vitis C, Mancini R, Giovagnoli S, Facchiano F, Sposato B, Anibaldi P, Marcolongo A, De Dominicis C, Laghi A, Muscogiuri E, Sciacchitano S. Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patients. Respir Res. 2021 Mar 3;22(1):76.
Carpagnano GE, Di Lecce V, Quaranta VN, Zito A, Buonamico E, Capozza E, Palumbo A, Di Gioia G, Valerio VN, Resta O. Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Apr;44(4):765-771.
Pinzon RT, Angela, Pradana AW. Vitamin D deficiency among patients with COVID-19: case series and recent literature review. Trop Med Health. 2020 Dec 20;48(1):102. Sundaram M.E., Coleman L.A. Vitamin D and influenza. AdvNutr. 2012;3(4):517–525.
Gruber-Bzura B.M. Vitamin D and influenza-prevention or therapy? Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2419.
Calton EK, Keane KN, Newsholme P, Soares MJ. The Impact of Vitamin D Levels on Inflammatory Status: A Systematic Review of Immune Cell Studies. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 3;10(11):e0141770.
Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2019;23 (2):1-44.
Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13 (10):1373-1380.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.