Determination of rugae pattern in non-treated normal angle class I, II and class III mal-occlusion
Keywords:
rugae pattern, postnatal palatal growth, determinationAbstract
Background: Palatal rugae are specialized patterns in keratinized mucosa of the anterior hard palate behind incisive papilla tis are unchangeable in their site and form, all over an individual’s lifespan. Occlusion means “closure” which refers to the interaction among upper and lower teeth. Mal-occlusion is improper alignment of teeth when the upper and lower jaws are closed. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to assessment of palatal rugae arrangement in our population and the determination of rugae pattern in non-treated Class-II and Class-III mal-occlusions when related to Class-I normal mal-occlusions. Methodology: It’s observational and cross-sectional study conducted at Orthodontics department, Lumhs jamshoro and Hyderabad. The sample size of study was 135, the Pre-treatment record of those patients who are receiving orthodontic treatment were enrolled as study participants their maxillary dental cast was assessed for assessment of rugae, Maxillary dental casts were assessed and maxillary impression were recorded using Alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid), impressions then were poured using dental stone. The Rugae pattern on the study casts were traced with a black graphite pencil to clarify the pattern.
Downloads
References
Patil MS, Patil SB, Acharya AB. Palatine rugae and their significance in clinical dentistry: A review of the literature. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(11):1471–8.
Sivaraj A. Significance of Palatal Rugae in Orthodontics. J Orofac Res. 2013;3(3):202–9.
Textbook of Forensic Odontology. Textbook of Forensic Odontology. 2013.
An Overview Of Chelioscopy & Palatoscopy: An Aid In Forensic Investigation. Int J Nurs. 2015;5(6):04–10.
Thomas CJ, Van Wyk CW. The palatal rugae in an identification. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 1988;6(1):21–7.
English WR, Robison SF, Summitt JB, Oesterle LJ, Brannon RB, Morlang WM. Individuality of Human Palatal Rugae. J Forensic Sci. 1988;33(3):12479J.
Shetty SK, Kalia S, Patil K, Mahima VG. Palatal rugae pattern in Mysorean and Tibetan populations. Indian J Dent Res. 2005;16(2):51–5.
Oral E, Buyuk SK, Simsek H. Evaluation of palatal rugae pattern in different sagittal skeletal relationship adolescent subjects. Med (United States). 2017;96(14).
Hauser G, Daponte A, Roberts MJ. Palatal rugae. J Anat [Internet]. 1989;165:237–49. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17103618%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1256673
Peavy DC, Kendrick GS. The effects of tooth movement on the palatine rugae. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;18(6):536–42.
Almeida MA, Phillips C, Kula K, Tulloch C. Stability of the palatal rugae as landmarks for analysis of dental casts. Angle Orthod. 1995;65(1):43–8.
Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A. Establishing identity using cheiloscopy and palatoscopy. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;165(1):1–9.
De Angelis D, Riboli F, Gibelli D, Cappella A, Cattaneo C. Palatal rugae as an individualising marker: Reliability for forensic odontology and personal identification. Sci Justice. 2012;52(3):181–4.
Amasaki H, Ogawa M, Nagasao J, Mutoh KI, Ichihara N, Asari M, et al. Distributional changes of BrdU, PCNA, E2F1 and PAL31 molecules in developing murine palatal rugae. Ann Anat. 2003;185(6):517–23.
Buchtová M, Tichý F, Putnová I, Míšek I. The development of palatal rugae in the European pine vole, Microtus subterraneus (Arvicolidae, Rodentia). Folia Zool. 2003;52(2):127–36.
Waterman RE, Meller SM. Alterations in the epithelial surface of human palatal shelves prior to and during fusion: A scanning electron microscopic study. Anat Rec. 1974;180(1):111–35.
Bansode S, Kulkarni M. Importance of palatal rugae in individual identification. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2009;1(2):77.
Takanosu M, Amasaki H, Iwama Y, Ogawa M, Hibi S, Suzuki K. Epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing murine palatal rugae. Anat Histol Embryol. 2002;31(1):9–14.
Jordanov JA. Growth of the hard palate in man. Anthropological characteristics. Z Morphol Anthropol. 1971;63(2):230–7.
Lang J, Baumeister R. [Postnatal development of the width and height of the palate and the palate foramina]. Anat Anz. 1984;155(1–5):151–15167.
Segelnick SL L. Forensic application of palatal rugae in dental identification. Forensic Examiner The Spring. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2015;53(199):151–5.
Franco RPAV, Mobile RZ, Filla C de FS, Sbalqueiro R, de Lima AAS, Silva RF, et al. Morphology of the palate, palatal rugae pattern, and dental arch form in patients with schizophrenia. Spec Care Dent. 2019;39(5):464–70.
Jang I, Tanaka M, Koga Y, Iijima S, Yozgatian JH, Cha BK, et al. A novel method for the assessment of three-dimensional tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(3):447–53.
Amna A, Sajjad Hu, Abdul R, Syed HH. Role of palatal rugae pattern in forensic identification of individuals. Int J Dent. 2016;8(2):104–8.
Kallianpur S, Desai A, Kasetty S, Sudheendra U, Joshi P. An anthropometric analysis of facial height, arch length, and palatal rugae in the Indian and Nepalese population. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2011;3(1):33.
Arslan AA, Helzlsouer KJ, Kooperberg C, Shu XO, Steplowski E, Bueno-De-Mesquita HB, et al. Anthropometric measures, body mass index, and pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan). Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(9):791–802.
MP M. Human evolutionary biology. 1st edNo Title.
Acharya AB SB. . Shafer’s Textbook of Oral Pathology. 5th ed. No Title.
Shrestha RM, Bhattarai P. Dental arch length and arch symmetry analysis of Nepalese permanent dentition. J Nepal Dent Assoc. 2009;10(2):110–4.
Shetty M, Premalatha K. Study of palatal rugae pattern among the student population in Mangalore. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2011;33(2):112–5.
Malekzadeh AR, Pakshir HR, Ajami S, Pakshir F. The application of palatal rugae for sex discrimination in forensic medicine in a selected Iranian population. Iran J Med Sci. 2018;43(6):612–22.
Priyadarshini SR, Sahoo PK. Human identification using forensic odontology: A review. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. 2019;13(4):1897–901.
Pappu BT, Gopinathan TA, Naduvakattu B. Assessment of Different Palatal Rugae Patterns in Gender Identification. Int J Oral Case Reasearch. 2018;6(3):17–20.
Fatima F, Fida M, Shaikh A. The association between palatal rugae pattern and dental malocclusion. Dental Press J Orthod. 2019;24(1):37.e1-37.e9.
Gadicherla P, Saini D, Bhaskar M. Palatal rugae pattern: An aid for sex identification. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2017;9(1):48.
Roy J, Rohith M, Nilendu D, Johnson A. Qualitative assessment of the dental groove pattern and its uniqueness for forensic identification. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2019;11(1):42.
Peterková R, Klepácek I, Peterka M. Prenatal development of rugae palatinae in mice: scanning electron microscopic and histologic studies. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1987;7(2):169–89.
Deepak V, Malgaonkar NI, Shah NK, Nasser AS, Dagrus K, Bassle T. Palatal rugae patterns in orthodontically treated cases, are they a reliable forensic marker? J Int oral Heal JIOH [Internet]. 2014;6(5):89–95. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395801%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4229838
Bailey LJ, Esmailnejad A, Almeida MA. Stability of the palatal rugae as landmarks for analysis of dental casts in extraction and nonextraction cases. Angle Orthod. 1996;66(1):73–8.
Ali B, Shaikh A, Fida M. Stability of Palatal Rugae as a Forensic Marker in Orthodontically Treated Cases. J Forensic Sci. 2016;61(5):1351–5.
Shetty D, Chowdhary M, Gupta A, Juneja A, Jain A, Khanna K, et al. Assessment of palatal rugae pattern and their reproducibility for application in forensic analysis. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2013;5(2):106.
Wazir SS, Arora P, Srivastava R, Rastogi S. Forensic Application of Palatal Rugae in Dental Identification. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2015;53(199):151–5.
Annu S, Achint G. A Demographic Study of Palatal Rugae PAtterns among North and North East Indian Populations. Int J Forensic Odontol. 2017;3(2):2017–9.
Azab SMS, Magdy R SEDM. Patternsof palatal rugae in the adult Egyptian population. Available from: https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/616840
Pamnani S, Dindukurthi MK, Allani S. Rugoscopy as a Gender Determination Tool and its Appositeness in Malocclusion among Adolescents Aged 13–18 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019;12(4):307–11.
Gandikota C, Venkata Y, Challa P, Juvvadi S, Mathur A. Comparative study of palatal rugae pattern in class II div 1 and class I individuals. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4(6):358.
Alshahrani I. Palatal Rugae Characteristics and its Relationship with Angles Class 1, 2 & 3 Malocclusions. Int J Morphol. 2017;35(4):1422–8.
Juvva R, Prasad MGS, Ambati NR, Kaniti S, Raviteja NVK, Jyothi V. The reliability of palatal rugoscopy in predicting various malocclusions. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2016;8(S1):40–3.
Thomas CJ, Kotze TJ v. W, Van Der Merwe CA. An improved statistical method for the racial classification of man by means of palatal rugae. Arch Oral Biol. 1987;32(4):315–7.
Allen H. The palatal rugae in man. Dent Cosm. 1989;31:66–80.
Winslow J. An Anatomical exposition of the structure of the human body. Print R Ware, J P Knapton, S Birt, T Longman, C Hitch C Davis, T Astley. 1749;
JD. S. Septeemdecim Tabulae. 1775;
Thabitha R, Reddy R, Manjula M, Sreelakshmi N, Rajesh A, Kumar V. Evaluation of palatal rugae pattern in establishing identification and sex determination in Nalgonda children. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2015;7(3):232.
Nehme Barbo B, Azeredo F, Macedo de Menezes L. Assessment of Size, Shape, and Position of Palatal Rugae: A Preliminary Study. Oral Heal Dent Stud. 2018;1(1).
Pappu BT, Gopinathan TA, Naduvakattu B. Assessment of Different Palatal Rugae Patterns in Gender Identification. Int J Oral Case Reasearch. 2018;6(3):17–20.
Carrea JU. La identificación humana por las rugosidades palatinas. Ortodoncia. 1937;141–61.
Jang I, Tanaka M, Koga Y, Iijima S, Yozgatian JH, Cha BK, et al. A Novel Method for the Assessment of Three-Dimensional Tooth Movement during Orthodontic Treatment. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(3):447.
van der Linden FPGM. Changes in the position of posterior teeth in relation to ruga points. Am J Orthod. 1978;74(2):142–61.
Rajcich MM, Sadowsky C. Efficacy of intraarch mechanics using differential moments for achieving anchorage control in extraction cases. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112(4):441–8.
Kapali S, Townsend G, Richards L, Parish T. Palatal rugae patterns in Australian Aborigines and Caucasians. Aust Dent J. 1997;42(2):129–33.
Kapoor P. Rugoscopy: A Diagnostic Appurtenance for Malocclusion or just a Forensic
Silverman MM. The whistle and swish sound in denture patients. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;17(2):144–8.
ALLEN LB. Improved phonetics in artifical denture construction. U S Armed Forces Med J. 1959;10:1022–33.
Yamazaki Y. Cross-sectional study of plicae palatinae transversae in the Japanese. Anthr Rep Niigata. 1962;34:36–58.
Alvarez-Solarte H, Sierra-Alzate V, Sánchez-Garzón J, Botero-Mariaca P. Palate shape and size and palatal rugae morphology of children with anterior open bite and normal vertical overbite. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2018;36(1):34–43.
LYSELL L. Plicae palatinae transversae and papilla incisiva in man; a morphologic and genetic study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1955;13(Suppl. 18):5–137.
F. Y, D. S, S. K, E. A, N. B. Tongue movements in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion evaluated with real-time balanced turbo field echo cine magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop [Internet]. 2011;139(5):e415–25. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed11&NEWS=N&AN=21536183
Limson KS, Julian R. Computerized recording of the palatal rugae pattern and an evaluation of its application in forensic identification. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2004;22(1):1–4.
Banker A, D Patel K. Quantitative and Transverse Changes in the Position of Palatal Rugae after Palatal Expansion. Dentistry. 2016;6(7).
Rizwan N, Sheikh F, Memon S AD. Association of Rugae Pattern with Skeletal Malocclusion in Orthodontic Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital. Pakistan J Med Dent. 2020;
Combe EC, Burke FJ DW. Dental biomaterials, 1st edition. Bost Kluwer. 1999;
T.E. D, W.W.L. C. A review of contemporary impression materials and techniques. Dent Clin North Am [Internet]. 2004;48(2):445–70. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L38968935%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2003.12.014
Rubel BS. Impression Materials: A Comparative Review of Impression Materials Most Commonly Used in Restorative Dentistry. Dent Clin North Am. 2007;51(3):629–42.
Punj A, Bompolaki D, Garaicoa J. Dental Impression Materials and Techniques. Dent Clin North Am. 2017;61(4):779–96.
Nandini Vv, Venkatesh Kv, Nair Kc. Alginate impressions: A practical perspective. J Conserv Dent. 2008;11(1):37.
Dahl BL, Dymbe B, Valderhaug J. Bonding properties and dimensional stability of hydrocolloid impression systems in fixed prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;53(6):796–800.
Fleming PS, Marinho V, Johal A. Orthodontic measurements on digital study models compared with plaster models: A systematic review. Orthod Craniofacial Res. 2011;14(1):1–16.
Okunami TR, Kusnoto B, BeGole E, Evans CA, Sadowsky C, Fadavi S. Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system: Digital vs plaster dental casts. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;131(1):51–6.
B.W. Darvell. Materials Science for Dentistry (Tenth edition). Woodhead Publ Ser Biomater. 2018;70–91.
Razak WA, Yassin IN, Kati FA. Effect of Adding some Additives and Drying Method on Compressive Strength of Gypsum Products. Tikrit J Dent Sci. 2017;5(2073–1213):25–32.
Abdelaziz KM, Combe EC, Hodges JS. The effect of disinfectants on the properties of dental gypsum, part 2: Surface properties. J Prosthodont. 2002;11(4):234–40.
Kenyon BJ, Hagge MS, Leknius C, Daniels WC, Weed ST. Dimensional accuracy of 7 die materials. J Prosthodont. 2005;14(1):25–31.
Davies S. What is occlusion? Br Dent J [Internet]. 2001;191(5):235–45. Available from: http://www.nvidia.com/object/what-is-gpu-computing.html
Bhatt K, Gupta V, Rajkumar B. Occlusion: the Foundation of Dentistry: a Review. Int J Dent Heal Sci. 2015;Volume 02(Issue 02).
Flores-Mir C, Silva E, Barriga MI, Lagravère MO, Major PW. Lay person’s perception of smile aesthetics in dental and facial views. J Orthod. 2004;31(3):204–9.
Moyers RE. Handbook of Orthodontics. 4th ed. Vol. 42, British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1989. 368 p.
Bhalajhi SI. Orthodontics: The Art and Science. 3rd Edition. new dehli; 2006. 704 p.
Jayasankar P, Banker A, Bhattacharya A, Gandhi R, Patel N, Parikh S. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of palatal rugae patterns in Gujarati population: A retrospective, cross-sectional study. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2016;8(3):126.
Barbieri AA, Scoralick RA, Naressi SCM, Moraes MEL, Daruge E. The Evidence of the Rugoscopy Effectiveness as a Human Identification Method in Patients Submitted to Rapid Palatal Expansion. J Forensic Sci. 2013;58(SUPPL. 1).
Saadeh M, MacAri A, Haddad R, Ghafari J. Instability of palatal rugae following rapid maxillary expansion. Eur J Orthod. 2017;39(5):474–81.
Chong JA, Mohamed AMFS, Pau A. Morphological patterns of the palatal rugae: A review. J Oral Biosci. 2020;62(3):249–59.
Leontsinis S. Da Necessidade da FichaOdontorugoscopica Completa na identificacgo desCombatentes de Guerra, Rev. BeasiIeira. Odont.On the Need for a Complete Rugoscopic Dental File in Identification. 1952;
HAUSSER E. Das Verhältnis zwischen Gaumenfalten und Zähnen. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z [Internet]. 1950;5(18):1016–21. Available from: https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk02ah04DxzTjbwvrPai7Mq6XreXU0A:1623052734290&q=Hausser,+E.:+Das+Verhältnis+zwischen+Gaumenfalten+und+Zahnen,+Dtsch.+Zahn.+Z.+5:+879-884,+1950.+103.+Friel,+S.:+Migration+of+Teeth,+D.+Record+69:+74-84,+1949&spell=1&sa
FRIEL S. Migration of teeth. Dent Rec (London). 1949;69(3):74–84.
Kim CH, Park HW, Kim K, Yoon JH. Early development of the nose in human embryos: a stereomicroscopic and histologic analysis. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(10):1791–800.
WARBRICK JG. The early development of the nasal cavity and upper lip in the human embryo. J Anat. 1960;94(Pt 3):351–62.
National Center for Health Statistics Set 1 : Clinical charts with 5th and 95th percentiles Summary les.
Hunter CJ. The correlation of facial growth with body height and skeletal maturation at adolescence. Angle Orthod. 1966;36(1):44–54.
Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric Growth Study of the Head. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial J. 1992;29(4):303–8.
Hägg U, Taranger J. Maturation indicators and the pubertal growth spurt. Am J Orthod. 1982;82(4):299–309.
Nanda RS. The rates of growth of several facial components measured from serial cephalometric roentgenograms. Am J Orthod. 1955;41(9):658–73.
Leonard S. FiSHMAN. Chronological Versus Skeletal Age, an Evaluation of Craniofacial Growth. Angle Orthod. 1979;49(3):181–9.
Brash JC. the Growth of the Jaws. Lancet. 1924;204(5276):760–1.
Brash JC. Some Problems in the Growth and Developmental Mechanics of Bone. Edinb Med J. 1934;41(5):305–19.
MASSLER M, SCHOUR I. The growth pattern of the cranial vault in the albino rat as measured by vital staining with alizarine red “S”. Anat Rec. 1951;110(1):83–101.
Gans BJ, Sarnat BG. Sutural facial growth of the Macaca rhesus monkey: A gross and serial roentgenographic study by means of metallic implants. Am J Orthod. 1951;37(11):827–41.
PRITCHARD JJ, SCOTT JH, GIRGIS FG. The structure and development of cranial and facial sutures. J Anat [Internet]. 1956;90(1):73–86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13295153%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC1244823
Scott JH. Growth at facial sutures. Am J Orthod. 1956;42(5):381–7.
Scott JH. The cartilage of the nasal septum. Brit Dent J [Internet]. 1953;95:37. Available from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:The+cartilage+of+the+nasal+septum#0
Scott JH. Further Studies on the Growth of the Human Face. J R Soc Med. 1959;52(4):263–8.
Björk A. Cranial base development. A follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development. Am J Orthod. 1955;41(3):198–225.
Björk A. Sutural growth of the upper face studied by the implant method. Acta Odontol Scand. 1966;24(2):109–27.
J.D. S, R.N. M, L.C. E. A longitudinal study of anteroposterior growth changes in the palatine rugae. J Dent Res [Internet]. 1987;66(9):1512–5. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L17796134
Lee JM, Miyazawa S, Shin JO, Kwon HJ, Kang DW, Choi BJ, et al. Shh signaling is essential for rugae morphogenesis in mice. Histochem Cell Biol. 2011;136(6):663–75.
Cobourne MT, Sharpe PT. Making up the numbers: The molecular control of mammalian dental formula. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2010;21(3):314–24.
Lin C, Fisher A V., Yin Y, Maruyama T, Veith GM, Dhandha M, et al. The inductive role of Wnt-β-Catenin signaling in the formation of oral apparatus. Dev Biol. 2011;356(1):40–50.
Naini FB, Moss JP. Three-dimensional assessment of the relative contribution of genetics and environment to various facial parameters with the twin method. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2004;126(6):655–65.
Townsend G, Hughes T, Luciano M, Bockmann M, Brook A. Genetic and environmental influences on human dental variation: A critical evaluation of studies involving twins. Arch Oral Biol. 2009;54(SUPPL. 1).
Economou AD, Ohazama A, Porntaveetus T, Sharpe PT, Kondo S, Basson MA, et al. Periodic stripe formation by a Turing mechanism operating at growth zones in the mammalian palate. Nat Genet. 2012;44(3):348–51.
Murdoch AM, Patir A, Seymen F, Vieira AR. Studies of palatine rugae and interferon regulatory factor 6 variations in a group of families with sporadic hypodontia. J Oral Sci. 2009;51(4):521–6.
Pantalacci S, Prochazka J, Martin A, Rothova M, Lambert A, Bernard L, et al. Patterning of palatal rugae through sequential addition reveals an anterior/posterior boundary in palatal development. BMC Dev Biol. 2008;8.
Motabagani MA. A histological study on the prenatal development of the palatal rugae in the white rat. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2006;111(2):97–104.
Park S, Eguti T, Kato K, Nitta N, Kitano I. The pattern of palatal rugae in submucous cleft palates and isolated cleft palates. Br J Plast Surg. 1994;47(6):395–9.
Sassouni V. Palatoprint and roentgenographic cephalometry as new method in Human identification. J Forensic Sci. 1957;2:428–42.
Bharath ST, Kumar GR, Dhanapal R, Saraswathi T. Sex determination by discriminant function analysis of palatal rugae from a population of coastal Andhra. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2011;3(2):58–62.
Thomas CJ. The prenatal developmental microscopic anatomy of the palatal rugae. J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1984;39(8):527–33.
Thomas CJ, Rossouw RJ. The early development of palatal rugae in the rat. Aust Dent J. 1991;36(5):342–8.
Nayak P, Acharya AB, Padmini AT, Kaveri H. Differences in the palatal rugae shape in two populations of India. Arch Oral Biol. 2007;52(10):977–82.
Kapali S, Townsend G, Richards L PT. Palatal rugaepatterns in Australian aborigines and Caucasians.
Almeida MA, Phillips C, Kula K TC. Stability of the palatal rugae as landmarks. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:43–8.
Hosmani J, Gadekar N, Kotrashetti V, Nayak R, Babji D, Mishra S. Comparison of palatal rugae pattern among Indian and Tibetan population. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2018;10(1):40.
Keiser-Nielsen SB. Personal, Identification by Means of the teeth. 1980;54–7.
Proffit, Willim R; Fields, Henry W; Sarver DM. Malocclusion and dentofacial deformity in contemporary society. 5th editio. Contemporary Orthodontics. 2013. 6-8 p.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
