Perception of smile esthetics by patients reporting for orthodontic treatment
Keywords:
smile, gingival show, spacing, attractivenessAbstract
Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate smile esthetics in terms of midline diastema, smile arc and gingival display during smile by patients reporting for orthodontic treatment. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Out Patient Door, Orthodontic Department Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro Sindh. Duration: The study was conducted within 06 months after the approval of synopsis i-e from Dec 2020, to May 2021. Sample size: Out measures were 1) midline diastema, 2) Gingival Display during smile, 3) smile arc. Sample size calculation was done by using “Openepi” software with 5% margin of error and 95 % confident value, Mean 0.95, Sample size was n= 126. Sample technique: Non-Probability consecutive sampling technique. Data collection method: After approval of this study from Ethical Review Committee of LUMHS study was conducted at Orthodontic Department, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. There were total of 126 participants in this study, Data was collected showing three different front smiling photographs with various degrees of; Gingival Show During Smile i-e A= 0mm B =0.5mm C=1.5mm D=2mm E=2.5mm Smile Arc i-e A. Convex/Curved B. Plan/Straight C. Inverted/Reverse.
Downloads
References
Ackerman JL, Ackerman MB, Brensinger CM, Landis JR. A morphometric analysis of the posed smile. Clin Orthod Res. 1998 Aug;1(1):2-11.
Ackerman JL, Proffit WR, Sarver DM. The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Clin Orthod Res. 1999 May;2(2):49-52.
Ackerman MB, Ackerman JL. Smile analysis and design in the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002 Apr;36(4):221-36.15
Ackerman MB. The effect of maxillary position on anterior tooth display [thesis]. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester; 2000.
Baart J A, Groenewegen BT, Verlop MA ,correlations between the prescence of a mesiodence and position abnormalities, diastemas, and eruption disterbenses of maxillary frontal teeth .Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd;2009,116 (8),399-402
Batwa W. The Influence of the Smile on the Perceived Facial Type Esthetics. BioMed research international. 2018;2018.
Baum AT. The midline diastema. J Oral Med 1966; 21: 30-9.
Becker A. Median maxillary diastema; A review of its etiology. Isra J Dent Med 1977;26,21-27
Bishara SE, Treder JE, Jakobsen JR. Facial and dental changes in adulthood. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Aug;106(2):175-86.18
Broadbent BH The face of the normal child (diagnosis, development) Angle Orthod. 1937 ;7,183-208
Chetan P, Tandon P, Singh GK, Nagar A, Prasad V, Chugh VK. Dynamics of a smile in different age groups. Angle Orthod. 2013 Jan;83(1):90-6.
Chiche G, Kokich VG, Caudill R. Diagnosis and Treatment Planning of Esthetic Problems. In: Chiche G, Pinault A, editors. Esthetics of Anterior Fixed Prosthodontics. Quintessence; 1994. p.33.
Collins M. The Eye of the Beholder: Face Recognition and Perception. Semin Orthod. 2012 September 2012;18(3):229-34.
Czarnecki ST, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Perceptions of a balanced facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993 Aug;104(2):180-7.
Desai S, Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Dynamic smile analysis: changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009 Sep;136(3):310.e1,10; discussion 310-1.
Dickens S, Sarver D, Proffit WR. Changes in Frontal Soft Tissue Dimensions of the Lower Face by Age and Gender. World J Orthodontics. 2002;3(4):313-20.
Dunn WJ, Murchison DF, Broome JC. Esthetics: patients' perceptions of dental attractiveness. J Prosthodont. 1996 Sep;5(3):166-71.
Epker BN, Fish L. Surgical-orthodontic correction of open-bite deformity. Am J Orthod. 1977 Mar;71(3):278-99.
Fanous N. Aging lips. Esthetic analysis and correction. Facial Plast Surg. 1987 Spring;4(3):179-83.
Formby WA, Nanda RS, Currier GF. Longitudinal changes in the adult facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 May;105(5):464-76.
Frush J, Fisher R. The dynesthetic interpretation of the dentogenic concept. J Prosthet Dent. 1958;8(4):558-81.
Gaikwad S, Kaur H, Vaz AC, Singh B, Taneja L, Vinod KS, Verma P. Influence of Smile Arc and Buccal Corridors on Facial Attractiveness: A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2016 Sep;10(9):ZC20.
Gardiner J H Midline spaces Dent. practit 1987 17; 287-298
Genecov JS, Sinclair PM, Dechow PC. Development of the nose and soft tissue profile. Angle Orthod. 1990 Fall;60(3):191-8.
Gianelly AA. Arch width after extraction and nonextraction treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Jan;123(1):25-8.
Golwalkar SA, Shetty V. Arch widths after extraction and nonextraction treatment in class I patients. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013 Mar 1;14(2):312-5.
Graber TM Orthodontic principle and practice 3rd WB saunders.co
Gul-e-Erum, Fida M. Changes in smile parameters as perceived by orthodontists, dentists, artists, and laypeople. World J Orthod. 2008 Summer;9(2):132-40.
Guzmán Mora M. Perception of smile aesthetics by dental specialists and patients. Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia 2015 Jan;3(1-ING)
Hasnain M, Raja UB, Durrani OK. Evaluation of smile esthetics in terms of midline diastema by dental students. Pakistan Orthodontic Journal. 2018 Dec 29;10(2):77-81.
Huang WJ, Creath C J the midline diastema; A review of its etiology and treartment. Pediatr Dent. 1995;17,17-19
Hulsey CM. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile. Am J Orthod. 1970 Feb;57(2):132-44.
Ioi H, Kang S, Shimomura T, Kim SS, Park SB, Son WS, et al. aesthetics in Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. J Esthet Restor Dent 2013;25(4):274–82 3.
Ioi H, Kang S, Shimomura T, Kim SS, Park SB, Son WS, et al. Effects of buccal corridors on smile esthetics in Japanese and Korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012 Oct;142(4):459-65.
Ioi H, Kang S, Shimomura T, Kim SS, Park SB, Son WS, et al. Effects of vertical positions of anterior teeth on smile esthetics in Japanese and korean orthodontists and orthodontic patients. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013 Aug;25(4):274-82.
Ioi H, Nakata S, Counts AL. Influence of gingival display on smile aesthetics in Japanese. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 2010 Apr 19;32(6):633-7.
Isiksal E, Hazar S, Akyalcin S. Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Jan;129(1):8-16.
Janzen EK. A balanced smile--a most important treatment objective. Am J Orthod. 1977 Oct;72(4):359-72.
Johnson DK, Smith RJ. Smile esthetics after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction of four first premolars. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995 Aug;108(2):162-7.
Kamath MK, Arun AV. Midline diastema. International Journal of Orthodontic Rehabilitation. 2016 Jul 1;7(3):101.
Kaya B, Uyar R. Influence on smile attractiveness of the smile arc in conjunction with gingival display. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2013 Oct 1;144(4):541-7.
Kaya B, Uyar R. Influence on smile attractiveness of the smile arc in conjunction with gingival display. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 Oct;144(4):541-7.
Ker AJ, Chan R, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Esthetics and smile characteristics from the layperson's perspective: a computer-based survey study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008 Oct;139(10):1318-27.
Kokich V. Esthetics and anterior tooth position: an orthodontic perspective. Part II: Vertical position. J Esthet Dent. 1993 Jul-Aug;5(4):174-8.
Kokich VO, Kokich VG, Kiyak HA. Perceptions of dental professionals and laypersons to altered dental esthetics: asymmetric and symmetric situations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Aug;130(2):141-51.
Kokich VO,Jr, Kiyak HA, Shapiro PA. Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent. 1999;11(6):311-24.
Koora k, Muthu MS Rathna PV Spontaneous closure of midline diastema following frenectomy .J Indian Soc Pedo Prev Dent.2007,25 1,23-26
Lavelle CLB. The distribution of diastema in different human population samples. Scand J dent Res 1970 78 :530-534.
Mackley RJ. An evaluation of smiles before and after orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 1993 Fall;63(3):183,9; discussion 190.
Mamandras AH. Linear changes of the maxillary and mandibular lips. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988 Nov;94(5):405-10.
Martin AJ, Buschang PH, Boley JC, Taylor RW, McKinney TW. The impact of buccal corridors on smile attractiveness. Eur J Orthod. 2007 Oct;29(5):530-7.
Moore T, Southard KA, Casko JS, Qian F, Southard TE. Buccal corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005 Feb;127(2):208,13; quiz 261.
Mora MG, Serna V, Eugenia M, Flores Ledesma A. Perception of smile aesthetics by dental specialists and patients. Revista Mexicana de Ortodoncia. 2015;3(1):13-21
Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001 Jan;132(1):39-45.
Nainar SM, Guanasundaram N. Incidence and etiology of midline diastema in a population in South India (Madras). Angle Orthod 1989; 59 (4): 277-82.
Parekh S, Fields HW, Beck FM, Rosenstiel SF. The acceptability of variations in smile arc and buccal corridor space. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2007 Feb;10(1):15-21.16
Parekh SM, Fields HW, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod. 2006 Jul;76(4):557-63.
Peck S, Peck H. The aesthetically pleasing face: an orthodontic myth. Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1971:175-84.
Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. Some vertical lineaments of lip position. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992 Jun;101(6):519-24.17
Peck S, Peck L, Kataja M. The gingival smile line. Angle Orthod. 1992 Summer;62(2):91,100; discussion 101-2.
Peck S, Peck L. Selected aspects of the art and science of facial esthetics. Semin Orthod. 1995 Jun;1(2):105-26.
Proffit WR, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th edition of Proffits. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2013.
Proffit WR. The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century. J Esthet Dent. 2000;12(1):46-9.
Richardson E R Malhothra SK, Henry M ,Coleman H T Biracial study of the maxillary medline diastema. Angle Orthod 1973;43,438-43
Rigsbee OH,3rd, Sperry TP, BeGole EA. The influence of facial animation on smile characteristics. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1988;3(4):233-9.
Roden-Johnson D, Gallerano R, English J. The effects of buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005 Mar;127(3):343-50.
Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1974 Apr;53(4):384-7.
Sarver DM, Ackerman JL. Orthodontics about face: the re-emergence of the esthetic paradigm. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000 May;117(5):575-6.
Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2003 Aug 1;124(2):116-27
Sarver DM, Ackerman MB. Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: Part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Aug;124(2):116-27.
Sarver DM. Esthetic Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery. Anonymous St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1998.
Sarver DM. The face as determinant of treatment choice. In: Frontiers of dental and facial esthetics. Craniofacial Growth Series. Vol 38. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Human Growth and Development; University of Michigan; 2001. p.19-54.
Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2001 Aug 1;120(2):98-111.
Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001 Aug;120(2):98-111.
Singh B, Ahluwalia R, Verma D, Grewal SB, Goel R, Kumar PS. Perioral age-related changes in smile dynamics along the vertical plane: a videographic cross-sectional study. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):468-75.
Springer NC, Chang C, Fields HW, Beck FM, Firestone AR, Rosenstiel S, et al. Smile esthetics from the layperson's perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Jan;139(1):e91-e101.
Sriphadungporn C, Chamnannidiadha N. Perception of smile esthetics by laypeople of different ages. Progress in orthodontics. 2017 Dec;18(1):8.
Taylor JE. Clinical observations relating to the Normal and abnormal frenum labii superians .Am J Orthod 1939; 25: 646
Tjan AH, Miller GD, The JG. Some esthetic factors in a smile. J Prosthet Dent. 1984 Jan;51(1):24-8.
Vig PS, Cohen AM. Vertical growth of the lips: a serial cephalometric study. Am J Orthod. 1979 Apr;75(4):405-15.
Vig RG, Brundo GC. The kinetics of anterior tooth display. J Prosthet Dent. 1978 May;39(5):502-4.
Walder JF, Freeman K, Lipp MJ, Nicolay OF, Cisneros GJ. Photographic and videographic assessment of the smile: objective and subjective evaluations of posed and spontaneous smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 Dec;144(6):793-801.
Weyman J The incidence of median diastema during the eruption of the permanent teeth. Dent practit. 1987 17;276-98
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
