Evaluation of salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as a biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders
Keywords:
salivary alkaline phosphatase, tobacco, malignant disordersAbstract
The aim of this study evaluate the salivary alkaline phosphatase levels in tobacco users to determine its role as a biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders. This prospective observational study comprised 60 individuals aged between 18 and 70 years who were categorized into four groups. For Group II, Group III and Group IV, individuals with the habit of smoking/tobacco chewing for a minimum period of 6 months were included in this study. The mean values for S‑ALP were found to be about 19.00 IU/L (SD 12.37) for Group I (range from 7 to 50 IU/L), 8.50 IU/L (SD 3.35) for Group II (range from 2 to 14 IU/L), 5.60 IU/L (SD 1.01) for Group III (range from 1 to 8 IU/L) and 65.90 IU/L (SD 50.70) for Group IV (range from 10 to 146 IU/L). Comparison of S‑ALP between the groups showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) using Kruskal–Wallis’ ANOVA. To know if there is any difference in S‑ALP levels between tobacco users and nonusers (Groups I and II and Groups I and III) and among the different forms of tobacco users (Groups II and III), the mean S‑ALP levels were compared using Mann–Whitney U‑test.
Downloads
References
Malathi N, Mythili S, Vasanthi HR. Salivary diagnostics: a brief review. ISRN Dent 2014 Jan; 29:158786.
Pfaffe T, Cooper-White J, Beyerlein PK, Kostner K, Punyadeera C. Diagnostic potential of saliva: current state and future applications. Clinical Chemistry 2011; 57(5): 675-687
Sarode SC, Sarode GS, Tupkari JV. Oral potentially malignant disorders: A proposal for terminology and definition with review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014;18:S77-80.
Tandon P, Dadhich A, Saluja H, Bawane S, Sachdeva S. The prevalence of squamous cell carcinoma in different sites of oral cavity at our rural health care centre in Loni, Maharashtra – A retrospective 10-year study. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2017;21:178-83.
Shetty SR, Al-Bayati SA, Hamed MS, Abdemagyd HA. Salivary alkaline phosphatase and oral health: A review. Italian Journal of Dental Medicine 2017;2:55-8.
Acharya S, Kale J, Rai P, Anehosur V, Hallikeri K. Serum alkaline phosphatase in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with clinicopathological characteristics. South Asian J Cancer 2017;6:125-8
Muddugangadhar BC, Sangur R, Rudraprasad IV, Nandeeshwar DB, Kumar BH. A clinical study to compare between resting and stimulated whole salivary flow rate and pH before and after complete denture placement in different age groups. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2015;15:356‑66
Prakash AR, Indupuru K, Sreenath G, Kanth MR, Reddy AV, Indira Y. Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels speak about association of smoking, diabetes and potentially malignant diseases??? J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016;20:66‑70.
Jazaeri M, Malekzadeh H, Abdolsamadi H, Rezaei‑Soufi L, Samami M. Relationship between salivary alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity and the concentrations of salivary calcium and phosphate ions. Cell J 2015;17:159‑62.
Mishra GA, Pimple SA, Shastri SS. An overview of the tobacco problem in India. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2012;33:139‑45.
Chadda R, Sengupta S. Tobacco use by Indian adolescents. Tob Induc Dis 2002;1:111‑9.
Xue J, Yang S, Seng S. Mechanisms of cancer induction by tobacco‑specific NNK and NNN. Cancers (Basel) 2014;6:1138‑56.
Warnakulasuriya S. Clinical features and presentation of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018;125:582‑90.
Speight PM, Khurram SA, Kujan O. Oral potentially malignant disorders: Risk of progression to malignancy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018;125:612‑27.
Bhattacharjee A, Giri S, Roy M, Chakraborty A. Correlation of serum lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in different histological grades of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and premalignant lesions. J Cancer Res Ther 2018;14:934‑40.
Abdullah BH, Alaaraji SB, Merza KS. Comparative study on lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and immunoglobulins in serum and saliva of acute leukemia and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients Iraqi J Sci 2010;51:262‑70
Millán JL. Alkaline phosphatases: Structure, substrate specificity and functional relatedness to other members of a large superfamily of enzymes. Purinergic Signal 2006;2:335‑41.
Sanikop S, Patil S, Agrawal P. Gingival crevicular fluid alkaline phosphatase as a potential diagnostic marker of periodontal disease. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012;16:513‑8.
Dhivyalakshmi M, Maheswari TU. Expression of salivary biomarkers– Alkaline phosphatase & lactate dehydrogenase in oral leukoplakia. Int J Chemtech Res 2014;6:3014‑8.
Kibayashi M, Tanaka M, Nishida N, Kuboniwa M, Kataoka K, Nagata H, et al. Longitudinal study of the association between smoking as a periodontitis risk and salivary biomarkers related to periodontitis. J Periodontol 2007;78:859‑67.
Ahmadi‑Motamayel F, Falsafi P, Goodarzi MT, Poorolajal J. Comparison of salivary pH, buffering capacity and alkaline phosphatase in smokers and healthy non‑smokers: Retrospective cohort study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016;16:e317‑21.
Khanna A, Guo M, Mehra M, Royal W 3rd. Inflammation and oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke in Lewis rat brains. J Neuroimmunol 2013;254:69‑75.
Bagchi M, Balmoori J, Bagchi D, Ray SD, Kuszynski C, Stohs SJ. Smokeless tobacco, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and antioxidants in human oral keratinocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:992‑1000.
Aoshiba K, Nagai A. Oxidative stress, cell death, and other damage to alveolar epithelial cells induced by cigarette smoke. Tob Induc Dis 2003;1:219‑26.
Saxena S. Assessment of Ki‑67 in healthy, premalignant, and malignant lesions of the oral mucosa and its predictive role in disease progression. Int J Oral Med Sci 2010;9:67‑74.
Mashhadiabbas F, Fayazi‑Boroujeni M. Correlation of vascularization and inflammation with severity of oral leukoplakia. Iran J Pathol 2017;12:225‑30.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 International journal of health sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IJHS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IJHS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IJHS volumes 4 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
