Addressing the challenges and advancements in oral drug delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals
A comprehensive review of recent developments and future directions
Keywords:
Oral drug delivery, biopharmaceuticals, pH-responsive hydrogels, microneedles, particulate carriers, drug stability, gastrointestinal barriersAbstract
Background: Drug delivery systems have evolved to improve the administration, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceuticals. Traditional methods such as intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral delivery each face unique challenges and benefits. Among these, oral drug delivery remains a significant focus due to its convenience, patient compliance, and potential for sustained release. However, biopharmaceuticals, particularly vaccines and large molecules, present specific challenges to oral administration. Aim: This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the current advancements in oral drug delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals, highlighting recent innovations and their potential to address existing challenges. It seeks to explore the effectiveness of various oral delivery strategies and their implications for improving drug bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. Methods: The review consolidates recent developments in oral drug delivery, including innovations in delivery devices such as intestinal patches, microneedle capsules, and particulate systems. It examines the biological barriers encountered by oral drugs, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract's acidic environment and enzymatic degradation, and discusses technological advancements designed to overcome these obstacles. Results: Key advancements include the development of pH-responsive hydrogels, microneedle-based delivery systems, and novel particulate carriers. These innovations aim to protect drugs from harsh GI conditions, enhance drug absorption, and provide controlled release.
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